Science 14 Unit 3 Review

Nutrients

•Nutrients are substances that provide energy and materials for
growth, development and maintenance of body functions
•Six main types of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins,
and minerals.

Multiple Choice

What do nutrients provide for the body?

• Energy and materials for growth, development and maintenance of body functions

• Entertainment and relaxation

• Protection from the sun

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

How many main types of nutrients are there?

• 3

• 4

• 5

• 6

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a type of nutrient?

• Vitamins

• Water

• Minerals

• All of the above

Carbohydrates

•Sugars and starches that provide energy for living things.
•Examples: glucose, bread, pasta, rice, fruits.

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?

• To provide energy

• To build and repair tissues

• To regulate body processes

• To protect against disease

Proteins

•Building blocks of many structures in the body such as hair, muscle,
and fingernails.
•Made of amino acids that are linked together in different ways.
•Examples: meat, eggs, cheese, beans.

Fats

•Fats can hold double the energy than carbohydrates per gram.
•Can be saturated or unsaturated depending on their chemical
structure.
•Examples: butter, oil, nuts.

Multiple Choice

How much energy can fats hold compared to carbohydrates per gram?

• Half

• Equal

• Double

• Triple

Multiple Choice

Which of these is an example of a fat?

• Butter

• Sugar

• Starch

• Protein

Vitamins

•Chemicals that help with certain chemical reactions in the body.
•Two types: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
•Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) can be stored in fat and can be toxic if
taken too much.
•Water-soluble vitamins (B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B12,C) cannot be stored and
are excreted if taken too much.
•Lack of vitamins can cause diseases such as scurvy (vitamin C
deficiency).

Minerals

•Elements that are needed for building materials or for chemical
reactions in the body.
•Examples: iron (for red blood cells), calcium and phosphorus (for
teeth and bones), potassium (for muscle and nerve function).

Multiple Choice

Which element is needed for red blood cells?

• Iron

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Potassium

Multiple Choice

Which two elements are needed for teeth and bones?

• Iron and potassium

• Calcium and phosphorus

• Potassium and calcium

• Phosphorus and iron

Multiple Choice

Which element is needed for muscle and nerve function?

• Iron

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Potassium

Diabetes: A condition that affects blood sugar
levels

What is diabetes and why is it important?

•Diabetes is a condition in which the body is unable to control the
sugar levels in the blood properly
•The cells of the body, especially the brain, need a very steady
constant supply of sugar for energy
•If the sugar level gets too high or too low serious problems can result

Multiple Choice

Diabetes is a condition in which:

• The body produces too much insulin

• The body is unable to control the sugar levels in the blood properly

• The body cannot digest carbohydrates

• The body has an allergic reaction to sugar

Multiple Choice

The cells of the body, especially the brain, need a very steady constant supply of sugar for:

• Growth

• Repair

• Energy

• All of the above

What are the two types of diabetes and how
are they different?

•Type 1 diabetes: The body does not make insulin, a hormone that tells
cells to remove sugar from the blood

• Usually occurs in small children and lasts through their entire life
• Requires daily injections of insulin to control blood sugar levels
• Affects about 200,000 Canadians

•Type 2 diabetes: The insulin that is made does not work well

• Usually occurs in older adults but can also affect children in some populations
• Can be controlled with medication and a special diet
• Affects about 1.8 million Canadians and is on the rise

Multiple Choice

What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

• A) The amount of insulin produced by the body

• B) The way insulin interacts with cells

• C) The level of sugar in the blood

• D) Both A and B

Multiple Choice

Which type of diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin production?

• Type 1 diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes

• Both types of diabetes

• Neither type of diabetes

What are the complications of diabetes and
how can they be prevented?

•Diabetes can damage the small blood vessels in various parts of the
body, such as:

• The eye: Can cause loss of vision or blindness
• The kidney: Can cause kidney failure
• The nerves: Can cause loss of feeling in fingers or toes
• If these parts are damaged, infection can often result

•To prevent these complications, it is important to:

• Monitor blood sugar levels regularly and follow treatment plan
• Eat a proper diet and get enough exercise
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake

Multiple Choice

If the sugar level gets too high or too low serious problems can result, such as:

• Kidney failure and blindness

• Diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma

• Hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels?

• Insulin tells cells to remove sugar from the blood

• Insulin tells cells to release sugar into the blood

• Insulin converts sugar into energy for cells

• Insulin stores sugar in the liver for later use

The Heart

•The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to the body
•Different animals have different types of hearts
•The number of chambers affects the efficiency of the heart

Fish hearts

•Two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle
•Simplest type of heart
•Blood flows in a single loop from the heart to the gills to the body and
back to the heart

Amphibian hearts

•Three chambers: two atria and one ventricle
•More complex than fish hearts
•Blood flows in a double loop: one loop from the heart to the lungs
and skin and back to the heart, another loop from the heart to the
body and back to the heart
•Some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the ventricle

Reptile hearts

•Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
•More efficient than amphibian hearts
•Blood flows in a double loop: one loop from the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart, another loop from the heart to the body and
back to the heart
•Some reptiles have an opening between two chambers that allows
them to bypass their lungs when diving or hibernating (e.g.
crocodiles, turtles)

Bird and mammal hearts

•Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
•Most efficient type of heart
•Blood flows in a double loop: one loop from the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart, another loop from the heart to the body and
back to the heart
•No mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in separate
ventricles

Different animals have different types of
hearts

•Fish: 2 chambers
•Amphibians: 3 chambers
•Reptiles: 4 chambers with an opening
•Birds and mammals: 4 separate chambers

More chambers = more efficiency

Multiple Choice

What is the advantage of having a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart?

• It allows for more efficient oxygen delivery to the tissues

• It prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

• It reduces the risk of blood clots and strokes

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Importance of human hearts:

• Supply oxygen and nutrients to cells;

• remove carbon dioxide waste products from cells;

• maintain blood pressure;

• regulate body temperature;

• support immune system

The human heart: 4 chambers

•Atria: upper chambers that receive blood

• Right atrium: from the body
• Left atrium: from the lungs

•Ventricles: lower chambers that pump blood

• Right ventricle: to the lungs (blood gets oxygen)
• Left ventricle: to the body (blood delivers oxygen)

Problems with our circulatory system

•Causes: high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, smoking, lack of exercise
•Effects: plaques form inside blood vessels, block blood flow, cause
blood clots

Heart attack

•Definition: damage or death of heart muscle cells due to lack of blood
supply
•Causes: blockage from plaque in coronary artery, drugs like cocaine
and crack
•Symptoms: terrible pain in chest area
•Treatment: drugs to dissolve blockage, limit activities, heart
transplant or artificial heart

Heart attack prevention and management

•Eat a balanced and low-fat diet
•Quit smoking and avoid drugs
•Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight
•Check blood pressure and cholesterol levels regularly
•Seek medical help if experiencing chest pain or discomfort

What is a stroke?

•A blockage in a blood vessel that supplies blood to a part of the brain
•The blood supply to that part of the brain is cut off
•The brain tissue is damaged or dies

Multiple Choice

What is the most common cause of a stroke?

• A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain

• A clot or an embolism that blocks a blood vessel in the brain

• A tumor or an infection that compresses a blood vessel in the brain

• All of the above

What happens when a stroke occurs?

•If the damage is too great, the person may die
•If the damage is not too much, the person may lose some functions
controlled by that part of the brain

• Paralysis on one side of the body
• Difficulty speaking or understanding language

Multiple Choice

What are some signs and symptoms of a stroke?

• Trouble speaking and understanding speech

• Paralysis or numbness of one side of the face, arm or leg

• Problems seeing in one or both eyes

• All of the above

Can a person recover from a stroke?

•The cells of the brain cannot heal themselves
•A different part of the brain may take over some functions of the
damaged area
•Recovery depends on many factors, such as:

• The size and location of the stroke
• The age and health of the person
• The quality and timing of medical care and rehabilitation

How Our Diet Has Changed Over Time

•Our diet today is very different from what our ancestors ate
•Our foods today are highly processed with lots of additives and
preservatives
•We add artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives to make food look
and taste better and last longer

Multiple Choice

what is one difference between our diet today and our ancestors' diet?

• Our foods today are less processed with fewer additives and preservatives

• Our foods today are more processed with more additives and preservatives

• Our foods today are more natural with more vitamins and minerals

• Our foods today are less diverse with fewer food groups

The Risks of Food Additives

•Food additives undergo a lot of testing to ensure safety
•However, most testing focuses on short-term effects
•Some additives may be harmful in the long term but we may not see
the harm until years later

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of adding artificial colours, flavours, and preservatives to food?

• To make food look and taste better and last longer

• To make food cheaper and easier to produce and transport

• To make food healthier and safer to consume and store

• To make food more appealing and satisfying to consumers

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true?

• Our ancestors ate highly processed foods with lots of additives and preservatives

• We add artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives to make food look worse and taste bland

• Our diet today is very similar to what our ancestors ate

• Our foods today are highly processed with lots of additives and preservatives

The Benefits of Natural Foods

•Natural foods are foods that are minimally processed and free of
artificial ingredients
•Natural foods have more nutrients and antioxidants than processed
foods
•Natural foods may improve our health and cognitive abilities (e.g. a
study in New York showed that students who ate natural lunches did
17% better in I.Q. tests)

Multiple Choice

What is the main difference between natural foods and processed foods?

• Natural foods have more nutrients and antioxidants than processed foods

• Natural foods have less calories and fat than processed foods

• Natural foods have more flavor and texture than processed foods

• Natural foods have less additives and preservatives than processed foods

Multiple Choice

What is one benefit of eating natural foods?

• Natural foods may improve our health and cognitive abilities

• Natural foods may reduce our risk of chronic diseases and infections

• Natural foods may enhance our mood and energy levels

• All of the above are valid definitions

Multiple Choice

According to Merriam-Webster, what is the definition of natural food?

• Food that has undergone minimal processing and contains no preservatives or artificial additives

• Food that has been processed as little as possible and contains no added artificial substances to keep it fresh or give it flavor

• Food that has undergone a minimum of processing or treatment with preservatives

• All of the above are valid definitions