Mutations Review

Protein Synthesis, Mutations, Genetic Expression!

Exploring gene mutations and structure

Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

DNA in the NUCLEUS is unzipped by RNA polymerase.
This enzyme produces mRNA, which then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

mRNA is read by the RIBOSOME in the CYTOPLASM of cells. The tRNA brings amino acids that code for the three-nucleotide CODONS and chain them together.
This is a POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN, or a PROTEIN.
These PROTEINS show our traits.

Genetic Expression

The sequence of nucleotides determines our traits. The genes can be expressed (turned on) or unexpressed (turned off) based on environmental factors.

Open Ended

How does DNA determine our traits?

Categorize

Options (5)

DNA

Ribosome

tRNA

mRNA

Nothing

Organize these options into the right categories

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Both

Nothing

Reorder

Reorder the following

• DNA is read by RNA Polymerase

• mRNA is produced.

• mRNA leaves the nucleus and is read by the ribosome.

• tRNA brings amino acids to matching codons on the mRNA strand.

• The amino acid chain folds into a protein that expresses traits.

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Choice

Why might changes to the DNA cause changes to the proteins that are expressed during translation?

• Changes to DNA do not affect proteins.

• Changes to DNA could change what proteins are expressed.

• Changes to DNA only matter if they change the RNA too.

• Changes to DNA are called mutations.

Drag and Drop

DNA and RNA both share the

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adenine, guanine, and ​

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However, they also have a base that is different. DNA has ​

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and RNA has ​

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If you see a T, you know you're looking at ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

nitrogen bases

cytosine.

thymine

uracil.

DNA!

hydrogen bases

cytoplasm.

ultramarine.

RNA!

theobromine

Dropdown

Adenine binds to ​

Select answer

in DNA and ​

Select answer

in RNA. ​

Select answer

​ always binds to Cytosine.

Hydrogen bonds keep the base pairs together. These bonds can be broken by ​

Select answer

during replication and ​

Select answer

during transcription.

Hotspot

Which amino acid tells the ribosome to begin translating mRNA into protein?

Hotspot

Transcribe the DNA into RNA and then translate to the amino acid:

TGA

Labelling

Label the correct parts of the image.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Transportation

Transcription

Transdimension

Translation

Types of Gene Mutations

• Point Mutations: Single base pair changes
• Insertions: Addition of extra base pairs
• Deletions: Removal of base pairs
• Duplications: Replication of base pairs
• Inversions: Reversal of base pairs
• Translocations: Movement of base pairs between chromosomes

Multiple Choice

Which type of mutation involves the movement of base pairs between chromosomes?

• Point Mutations

• Insertions

• Deletions

• Translocations

Match

Match the following types of mutations to their definitions

• Insertion

• Deletion

• Substitution

• Silent

• Frameshift

A base pair is added to the sequence

A base pair is removed from the sequence

A base pair replaces a base pair

A mutation that does not cause a change.

When the sequence is moved

• A base pair is added to the sequence

• A base pair is removed from the sequence

• A base pair replaces a base pair

• A mutation that does not cause a change.

• When the sequence is moved

Multiple Choice

Identify the substitution mutation.

• A mutation where one base is replaced by another

Multiple Choice

Identify the insertion mutation.

• A mutation where one base is replaced by another

Multiple Choice

Identify the deletion mutation.

• A mutation where one base is replaced by another

Multiple Choice

What is the consequence of frameshift mutations?

• No change in the genetic code

• Production of a different protein

• Increased DNA replication accuracy

• Decreased risk of genetic disorders

Impact of Gene Mutations

Trivia: Gene mutations can alter the structure and function of proteins, leading to various diseases. This can include conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease. Mutations can disrupt the normal folding of proteins or change their active sites, affecting their ability to perform vital functions in the body.

Multiple Choice

What is the impact of gene mutations on protein synthesis?

• They have no effect on protein structure and function

• They can alter the structure and function of proteins, leading to various diseases

• They only affect the structure of proteins, not their function

• They only affect the function of proteins, not their structure

Silent Mutations

Not all mutations cause proteins to change. Because multiple mRNA codons code for amino acids, sometimes mutations are silent.

Multiple Choice

What are silent mutations?

• DNA changes that alter the amino acid sequence of a protein

• DNA changes that occur in non-coding regions

• DNA changes that code for different amino acids

• DNA changes that do not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein

Dropdown

Mutations in ​

Select answer

affect future offspring