Semester Review

Semester Review

Multiple Choice

Element or Compound?
H₂O

• Element
• Compound

Multiple Choice

Element or Compound?
As

• Element
• Compound

Multiple Choice

Element or Compound?
Salt (NaCl)

• Element
• Compound

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a compound?

• HCl
• Cl
• NaCl
• CO2

Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents an element?

• H₂O
• H₂
• NaCl
• CaCO₃

Chemical Formulas

• When you look at a chemical formula, it is very similar to an XYZ formula in Math class.

• Na₂SO₄

• Na₂ = 2 Sodium Atoms

• S = 1 Sulfur Atom (when there is no subscript, it is understood to be 1).

• O₄ = 4 Oxygen Atoms

Practice with Chemical Formulas: Subscripts

Subscripts tell you the number of atoms.

Practice with Chemical Formulas: Subscripts

Subscripts always follow the element.

Practice with Chemical Formulas: Subscripts

If there's no subscript, there's only one atom.

Multiple Choice

How many atoms of Hydrogen are in H₂O

• 1

• 2

• 3

• more than 3

Multiple Choice

Calculate the number of Oxygen atoms in Al(OH)₃

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

The ______ are numbers found on the lower right-hand side of an element symbol.

• Coefficient

• Exponent

• Multiplier

• Subscript

Multiple Choice

4CF₂Cl₂

• C = 4, F = 4, Cl = 2

• C = 1, F = 8, Cl = 8

• C = 4, F = 8, Cl = 8

• C = 1, F = 4, Cl = 8

Multiple Choice

H₂SO₄

• H = 2, S = 4, O = 4

• H = 2, S = 1, O = 4

• H = 8, S = 4, O = 4

• H = 2, SO = 4

Multiple Choice

Ten grams of sugar is placed in a beaker with 100ml of water. Initially, the sugar is at the bottom of the beaker however once gradually heated the sugar disappears. Which statement best explains what type of change occurred?

• chemical, irreversible change

• physical, irreversible change

• chemical, reversible change

• 
  physical, reversible change

Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of physical changes?

Select TWO correct answers.

• silver metal turning black when placed in a clear liquid

• water evaporating out of a boiling pot

• sugar dissolving into a cup of water

• bubbles forming when two substances combine in a beaker

• ash forming from a burning log

Multiple Choice

Ms. Clark heated 5 grams of sugar. The sugar first looked shiny, and then it melted and became dark brown. Finally, all that was left was a black, shiny residue. She then heated 5 grams of sand in the same way. The sand’s appearance did not change.

What explains these results?

• Sand is an element, but sugar is a compound.

• Heating the sugar caused a chemical change.

• Heating the sand caused a chemical change.

• Heat only caused physical changes in both the sand and sugar.

Multiple Select

Mrs. Johnson heated 5 grams of sugar. The sugar first looked shiny, then melted and became dark brown. Finally, all that was left was a black, glossy residue. She then heated 5 grams of sand in the same way. There was no change in the appearance of the sand.

What happened to the substances?

Select TWO correct answers.

• Sand is an element, and sugar is a compound.

• Heating the sugar caused both a chemical change and a physical change.

• Heating the sand caused a chemical change.

• Heat only caused physical changes in both the sand and sugar.

• Heating the sand caused a physical change.

Solute

The substance which is dissolved is called a solute

From the diagram in the previous slide which is solute?

Solute

The substance which is dissolved is called a solute

From the diagram in the previous slide which is solute?

Solution

• A solution in chemistry is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (referred to as the solute) to dissolve in solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution

Factors affecting rate of solubility

rate of solubility - time taken for a substance to completely dissolve in another substance

Factors affecting rate of solubility

• Temperature

• Rate of strirring

• Size of solute

Multiple Choice

Water is the univeral ____.

• solute

• solvent

• solution

Multiple Choice

solute + solvent =

• solution

• equation

Multiple Choice

Solutes dissolve quicker in _________ water.

• cold

• warm

Multiple Choice

Solutes dissolve quicker if you stir them.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

If a solvent is soluble it means it...

• can dissolve

• can't dissolve

Multiple Choice

Concentration is determined by the amount of solute present in a solution. How can we make the solution more concentrated?

• add more solvent

• Add more solute

• add more solvent and solute

• don't add anything

Multiple Choice

When someone mixes sugar with a tea which of the following will allow the sugar to dissolve(mix) quicker?

• Hot tea

• Cold tea

• Adding sugar cube instead of granulated sugar.

• Adding milk

Multiple Choice

When you add sugar to a cup of coffee you agitate it in order for the sugar to dissolve. Which of the following is another word/term for agitation?

• concentration

• heat up

• shake/stir

• surface area

Multiple Choice

A small amount of NaCl is dissolved in water to make a solution. In this solution

• water is the precipitate

• water is the solute

• NaCl is the solvent

• NaCl is the solute

​The transfer of energy from one particle of matter to another particle of matter.

​​Conduction​

​The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid (a gas or a liquid).

​​Convection​

​The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (light energy waves).

Radiation​

​Heat Transfer Examples

Conduction

Energy transfer between particles of matter that touch directly.

• As heat is added to a material, the particles begin to vibrate more which means kinetic energy increases.

• Conduction happens through direct touch/contact between objects.​

​

Convection

Heat transfer through movement of fluids.

• Fluids are materials that can flow, like liquids and gases.

• The particles at the bottom heat up and become less dense. This causes them to rise and push the colder and denser molecules down.

• This movement is called a Convection Current​

Radiation

​Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

• The only form of heat transfer that does not require matter.

• Heat you can feel but do not always see.

• This is how we receive heat from the sun since it is able to pass through the vacuum of space where there is not matter present for it to travel through.

Multiple Choice

In what direction does heat move?

• From Cold to Hot

• To the Left

• From Hot to Cold

• To the Right

Multiple Choice

What causes a convection current and keeps it going?

• Hot particles sink, causing the cold particles to rise.

• Cold particles steal the heat from the hot particles.

• Hot particles rise, pushing the cold particles down toward the heat source.

• Convection currents do not move at all.

Multiple Choice

If an insulator is doing it's job well, the temperature of an object over time should...

• rise slowly

• lower quickly

• show very little change

• rise quickly

Multiple Choice

Hot things have ____________ thermal energy than cold things

• more

• less

• same

• potato

Multiple Choice

Heat transfer in wind.

• conduction
• convection
• radiation

Multiple Choice

Heat transfers from an area of ____temperature to an area of ___ temperature.

• high to low
• low to high
• high to high
• It can travel high to low and low to high. 

Multiple Choice

Warm air rises and the cool air sinks demonstrates this type of heat transfer. 

• conduction
• convection
• radiation
• Insolation 

Multiple Choice

What is the transfer of heat by direct contact?

• conduction
• convection
• radiation

Multiple Choice

What is a transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves through space?

• conduction

• convection

• radiation

Multiple Choice

You are stirring a bowl of hot soup with a metal spoon. The spoon starts to feel warmer because of _?_.

• conduction
• convection
• radiation

The Sun-

• is the most massive object in our Solar System

• governs the motion of all other bodies in the system by the force of gravity. 

• (Bodies of the Solar System remain in their orbital paths due to a balance between gravitational forces and the constant forward motion of the celestial bodies.)

Gravity

• is a force of attraction

• between

• two or more masses (objects).

Strength of the Gravitational Attraction

• depends on the mass of the objects involved

• and on the distance between them.

Gravity

Gravitational attraction exhibited by an object increases with increasing mass. If the distance between objects increases, gravitational attraction between the objects decreases.

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true about the Solar System?

• The solid planets are much larger than the gas planets.

  
  

• The planets are arranged in order of increasing size.

  
  

• The solid planets are closer to the Sun.

  
  

• The gas planets are closer to the Sun.

  
  

Multiple Choice

The ___________ is a region of thousands of small bodies that exists outside the orbit of Neptune. Objects in this area consist of "ices'' such as ammonia, water, and methane.

• Oort Cloud

• Comets

• Asteroid Belt

• Kuiper Belt

Multiple Choice

The third region of icy objects, a spherical cloud which starts roughly 300 billion kilometers out, is called ___.

• The Scattered Disk

• The Kuiper Cloud

• The Oort Cloud

• The Oort Disk

Multiple Choice

The 'Kuiper Belt' in space extends roughly from the orbit of the planet ___________.

• Uranus

• Pluto

• Saturn

• Neptune

Multiple Choice

Where is the Oort cloud located?

• Beyond the Orbit of Pluto

• Between the Sun and Mercury

• Between the Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper belt

• Within the Asteroid Belt

Multiple Choice

Analyze the characteristics of an unknown planet below:

• Rings of ice

• Revolution 29.5 years

• Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium

• Least dense planet, gas giant

Based on the characteristics, what planet is being described?

• Jupiter

• Venus

• Mars

• Saturn

Multiple Choice

Analyze the characteristics of an unknown planet below:

• blue-green gas giant

• Rings

• 27 known moons

• Revolution 87 years

• Rotation 17 hours

Based on the characteristics, what planet is being described?

• Venus

• Mars

• Uranus

• Saturn

Multiple Choice

Analyze the characteristics of an unknown planet below:

• Thick iron core with rocky surface

• Sulfuric acid clouds

• Revolution 225 days

• Rotation 243 days

• A day is longer than its year

• CO2 atmosphere traps heat

Based on the characteristics, what planet is being described?

• Mars

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Venus

Multiple Choice

Astronomers discover a new, small, irregularly shaped object in the solar system. The object is orbiting the sun. It is composed of frozen molecules of gasses and other compounds. It is not orbiting a planet. How would the object be classified?

• Dust

• Satellite

• Comet

• Meteoroid

Multiple Choice

Planets vary as they get farther from the Sun. As a rule, the farther a planet’s orbit from the Sun, -

• the rockier the surface of the planet.

  
  

• the greater the planet’s surface temperature.

  
  

• the greater the planet’s diameter.

  
  

• the longer it takes to orbit the Sun.

  
  

Multiple Choice

Compared to the Sun, all other stars look like points of light in the night sky because the stars

• give off much less light than the Sun.

  
  

• give off different colors than the Sun.

  
  

• are much farther away than the Sun.

  
  

• are much smaller than the Sun.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a true statement about the outer planets?

• they are gas giants whose orbits are furthest from the sun

  
  

• they are gas giants and are the closest planets to the sun

  
  

• they are gas giants and have terrestrial crust

  
  

• they are gaseous and the smallest planets

  
  

Multiple Choice

Which of these best describes an asteroid?

• large, liquid with an atmosphere

  
  

• large, ball of hot gasses

  
  

• small, solid, rocky

  
  

• small, icy

  
  

Multiple Choice

Over the past few centuries, comets have occasionally been observed in the sky. What is one difference between comets and the Moon?

• The Moon reflects light from the Sun, while comets generate their own light.

  
  

• Comets collect debris as they travel in space, while the Moon gives off meteoroids.

  
  

• The Moon has a core of ice, while comet cores are solid rock.

  
  

• Comets have large orbits around the Sun, while the Moon orbits Earth.

  
  

Multiple Choice

Which two words best describe the Sun?

• star and rocky

• star and gases

• planet and rocky

• planet and gases

Multiple Choice

Leslie draws a picture of the Sun and Earth. Her teacher tells her the size of Earth compared to the Sun is not correct.

How should Leslie change the picture to show the correct sizes of Earth and the Sun in comparison to each other?

• Increase the size of the Sun so it is twice the size of Earth.

  
  

• Increase the size of Earth so it is twice the size of the Sun.

  
  

• Decrease the size of Earth so it is a tiny dot compared to the Sun.

  
  

• Decrease the size of the Sun so it is a tiny dot compared to Earth.

  
  

Multiple Choice

A student wants to illustrate the orbits of the planets in the Solar System. He draws several diagrams that show the placement of the Sun (S) and planets. Which diagram is most accurate?

Multiple Choice

The sun is primarily composed of which elements?

• hundreds of hot gases

  
  

• helium and oxygen

  
  

• hydrogen and oxygen

  
  

• hydrogen and helium

  
  

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about the gravitational attraction between two objects?

• The less their masses and the farther apart they are, the greater their attraction.

  
  

• The less their mass and the closer they are, the greater their attraction.

  
  

• The greater their masses and the farther apart they are, the greater the attraction.

  
  

• The greater the masses of the object and the closer together they are, the greater the attraction.

  
  

Multiple Choice

Gravity determines the interactions of the ___________________.

• planets only

  
  

• moon, planets and sun

  
  

• planets and moon

  
  

• moon and sun

  
  

Multiple Choice

Which two factors control the influence of gravity on objects?

• Planetary radius and mass

  
  

• Distribution and location in the solar system

  
  

• Distance and distribution

  
  

• Mass and distance

  
  

Multiple Choice

Which object in the solar system has the greatest mass and provides the greatest force to keep all objects within the solar system in orbit?

• Sun

• Asteroid Belt

• Oort Cloud

• Jupiter

Be sure to divide total distance by total time. It does not matter which number is larger.
Use your calculator.

​

I can divide distance and time to calculate average speed or the instantaneous speed within a graph word problem

MOTION GRAPHS

I can draw a motion graph showing start, stop, and at rest
I can draw a motion graph showing an increase in speed, a decrease in speed, and a constant speed

DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS
Plotting distance against time can tell you a lot
about motion. Let's look at the axes:

If an object is not moving, a horizontal line is
shown on a distance-time graph.

Time is increasing to the

right, but its

distance does not change.

It is not

moving. We say it is At

Rest.

If an object is moving at a constant speed, it means it
has the same increase in
distance in a given time:

Time is increasing to the right,

and distance is increasing

constantly with time. The object

moves at a constant speed.

Constant speed is shown by

straight lines on a graph.

Let’s look at two moving objects:
Both of the lines in the graph show that each object
moved the same distance, but the
steeper dashed line got there before the other one:

A steeper line indicates a larger
distance moved in a given time.
In other words, higher speed.

Both lines are straight, so both

speeds are constant.

Graphs that show acceleration look different from
those that show constant speed.
Time is increasing to the right, and distance

The line on this graph is curving

upwards. This shows an

increase in speed, since the

line is getting steeper:

In other words, in a given time,
the distance the object moves is

change (getting larger). It is

accelerating.

Summary:

A distance-time graph tells us how far an object

has moved with time.

•The steeper the graph, the faster the motion.

•A horizontal line means the object is not

changing its position - it is not moving, it is at

rest.

•A downward sloping line means the object is

returning to the start.

Multiple Choice

A runner races in the 100 meter dash.  It takes her 10 seconds to finish.  What is her average speed?

• 10 m/s
• 1000 m/s
• 100 seconds
• 10 seconds

Multiple Choice

Total distance divided by total time is

• average speed
• constant speed
• instantaneous speed
• acceleration

Multiple Choice

Find speed when distance is 142 km and time is 2 hours.

• 71km/hr
• 52km/hr
• 17km/hr
• 90km/hr

Multiple Choice

What does this graph represent?

• Constant Speed
• Acceleration
• Not moving

Multiple Choice

What is the speed of an object that travels 60 meters in 4 seconds?

• 240 m/s
• 15 m/s
• 0.067 m/s
• 15 mph

Multiple Choice

While going to school, a student walks an average of 5 km/hr west for 12 blocks.

• Speed
• Velocity

Multiple Choice

While on a trip, a family travels east from San Antonio to Houston going 70 mph.

• Speed
• Velocity

Multiple Choice

A car traveling 300 miles in 5 hours is an example of _____. 

• Speed
• Velocity
• Direction

Multiple Choice

Distance over Time is the definition of ___. 

• Speed
• Velocity
• Direction

Multiple Choice

What is velocity?

• the quickness of an object
• the location of an object
• acceleration
• speed in a specific direction

Multiple Choice

Which graph indicates constant speed?

Multiple Choice

Which graph indicates lower speed?

Multiple Choice

Which graph shows that the object is moving fast?

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

This graph shows the movement of an object. When is the most distance covered by the object?

• between seconds 0 and 1

• between seconds 1 and 2

• between seconds 2 and 5

• between seconds 5 and 6

​Newton's First Law of Motion

​Newton's First Law of Motion states, if the net force on an object is zero, then the motion of the object does not change.

​

​This means an object at rest stays at rest if it isn't acted on by an outside force. And an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force.

Multiple Choice

the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

• acceleration

• inertia

• mass

• frame of reference

Multiple Choice

Objects with greater _________ also have greater inertia.

• speed

• mass

• temperature

• friction

Multiple Choice

Because of inertia, a resting object will remain at ________.

• rest

• a constant speed

• school

• inertia 

Multiple Choice

Because of inertia, a moving object will keep ________.

• at rest

• moving

• in one spot

• inertia 

Multiple Choice

Newton's 1st Law of Motion is also called the Law of ...

• Friction

• Inertia

• Unbalanced forces

• Newtons

Multiple Choice

An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an ___ force acts on it.

• unbalanced

• balanced

Match

Match these vocabulary terms

• To stay the same; to not change

• Resistance between two moving objects

• A push or a pull

• Mass

• Gravity

Inertia

Friction

Force

amount of matter

The force that pulls inward

• Inertia

• Friction

• Force

• amount of matter

• The force that pulls inward