Psych Unit 5 Intelligence

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

General reasoning ability

or

Multiple independent intelligences?

Achievement vs. Intelligence

What is intelligence?

Intelligence

What makes us smart?

Or not so smart?

Theories of Intelligence

• No one real

definition

• Fluid versus

Crystallized
Intelligence

–Fluid: reasoning, memory,
information processing speed

–Crystallized: applying
knowledge to solve problems

• 4 main theoretical

concepts of
intelligence

Does Intelligence Change Over

Time???

• By age 3, a child’s IQ (intelligence quotient) can predict adolescent IQ scores

• Depends on the type of

intelligence, crystallized or fluid

Multiple Choice

Crystallized intelligence is what?

• How we apply knowledge to solve problems

• How we reason

• The speed at which we process information

• Knowledge about crystals

Multiple Choice

Fluid intelligence is what?

• How we apply knowledge to solve problems

• The speed at which we process info

• Constantly changing

• Affected by formal education

Charles Spearman and his G factor

• Through factor

analysis Spearman
discovered that what
we see as many
different skills is
actually one General
Intelligence

• If you are good at one

subject, you are
usually good at many
others

• S-factor: collection of

specific cognitive
intellectual skills

Leonardo Da Vinci,
considered by most
to be the first and
only true
Renaissance man.

Multiple Choice

According to Spearman, an individual's specific mental abilities and ____________ make up intelligence.

• The G factor, or general intelligence

• The E factor, or emotional intelligence

• The M factor, or musical intelligence

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Gardner believed that there exists at least 9

1.Linguistic

2.Logical-mathematical

3.Spatial

4.Musical

5.Body-kinesthetic

6.Intrapersonal

7.Interpersonal

8.Naturalist

9.Existential philosophers

different types of intelligences

Linguistic

Word Smart: poets, novelists, journalists, public speakers

• ability to think in words and to use language to express

and appreciate complex meanings.

• allows us to understand the order and meaning of words

and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of
language.

• most widely shared human competence and is evident in

poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public
speakers.

• Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing,

reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.

Logical-Mathematical

Number/Abstract/ReasoningSmart: scientists,
detectives, mathematicians

•
Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify,
consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete
mathematical operations.

•
It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use
abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive
and deductive thinking patterns.

•
usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives.

•
Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in
patterns, categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic
problems, strategy games and experiments.

Spatial

Picture Smart: pilots, sculptors, painters, architects

• Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three

dimensions.

• Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial

reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic
skills, and an active imagination.

• Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all

exhibit spatial intelligence.

• Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be

fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend
free time drawing or daydreaming.

Musical

Music Smart: composers, conductors, musicians, vocalists

• Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm,

timbre, and tone.

• This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce,

and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers,
conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.

• Interestingly, there is often an effective connection between

music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical
intelligences may share common thinking processes.

• Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing

or drumming to themselves. They are usually quite aware of
sounds others may miss.

Body-Kinesthetic

Body Smart: athletes, dancers, surgeons,
craftspeople

• Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to

manipulate objects and use a variety of physical
skills.

• This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and

the perfection of skills through mind–body union.

• Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople

exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic
intelligence.

Intrapersonal

Self Smart: spiritual leaders, psychologists

• Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand

oneself and one’s thoughts and feelings, and to use such
knowledge in planning and directioning one’s life.

• Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an

appreciation of the self, but also of the human
condition.

• It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and

philosophers.

• These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of

their own feelings and are self-motivated.

Interpersonal

People Smart: politicians, actors, teachers, social
workers

• Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and

interact effectively with others.

• It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication,

the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to
the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to
entertain multiple perspectives.

• Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit

interpersonal intelligence.

• Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders

among their peers, are good at communicating, and seem
to understand others’ feelings and motives.

Naturalist

Nature Smart: botanist, chef, game warden

• Designates the human ability to discriminate among living

things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other
features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations).

• This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as

hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in
such roles as botanist or chef.

• It is also speculated that much of our consumer society

exploits the naturalist intelligences, which can be mobilized
in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds of
makeup, and the like.

Existential Philosophers

Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions
about human existence, such as the meaning of
life, why do we die, and how did we get here.

Multiple Choice

The idea of multiple intelligences means that

• There is only one type of intelligence

• There are many types of learning

• There are different ways to be intelligent

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is one of Gardner's Multiple Inteligences?

• Creative

• Fluid

• Musical

• Gifted

Robert Sternberg and his

Triarchic Theory

• Most commonly accepted theory

today

• Three types of intelligence:

1. Analytical (a.k.a. theoretical)

   1. EX: Sherlock Holmes

2. Creative (a.k.a. experiential)

   1. EX: Invent new solutions to a problem

3. Practical (a.k.a. contextual)

   1. EX: Street smarts

Goleman and his EQ

• Emotional

Intelligence (EI)

• Interpersonal and

intrapersonal
intelligences

• Maybe EQ is a

better predictor for
future success than
IQ

• What is your EQ?

Multiple Choice

______________ could be a better predictor for future success than IQ

• Triarchic theory

• emotional intelligence

• General intelligence

• specific cognitive intelligence

Brain Function and Intelligence

• Higher performing brains are less

active than lower performing brains
(use less glucose)

• Neurological speed is also a bit quicker

How do we Assess Intelligence?

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age
(what a person of a
particular age should
know)

• They discovered that by discovering someone’s
mental age they can predict future performance

• Hoped they could use test to help children, not label
them

Terman and his IQ Test

• Used Binet’s research

to construct the
modern day IQ test
called the
Stanford-Binet Test

• Problems with this

formula –
– Does not work well on

adults

– Does not account for

old age

– Cultural bias

• IQ=
Mental Age

x 100

Chronological Age

Multiple Choice

The intelligence quotient score is computed by dividing a child's ______________ by the child's _______________ and multiplying by 100.

• Number of correct answers; number of incorrect

• Mental age; chronological age

• Number of correct answers; total number of questions

• Chronological age; mental age

Multiple Choice

The intellectual level at which a child is functioning

• IQ

• Mental age

• Chronological age

Wechsler Tests

• More common way to give IQ

tests….does not use the formula
but uses the same scoring
system to predict future
performance

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

(WAIS)

• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children (WISC)

• Wechsler Preschool and Primary

Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Multiple Choice

Wechsler discovered that by determining a child's mental age, they could predict ______________

• Future performance

• Cognitive delays

• Athletic ability

How do we construct an Intelligence

Test?

• Standardized: the

questions have been
piloted on similar
populations and the
scores fall on a
normal distribution

• Reliable: Test-Retest,

Split-halves Methods

• Validity: Content (measures what it is supposed to), Predictive or
Construct

Types of Tests

Aptitude

• Measure ability or

potential

Achievement

• Tests that measure what

you have learned

Multiple Choice

When a test measures what it is supposed to it is _____________

• Valid

• Distributed

• Psychometric

Multiple Choice

Ben is taking a test that is designed to measure his knowledge of history. What kind of test is this?

• Aptitude test

• Achievement test

• IQ test

• Personality test

Multiple Choice

When we talk about a person's ability to learn and to behave adaptively, we are referring to the person's

• Intelligence

• Well-being

• Educational level

Multiple Choice

How is IQ calculated?

• IQ = CA/MA x 100

• IQ = MA/CA x 100

• IQ = MA/CA x 10

• IQ = CA/MA x 10

Multiple Choice

Steve takes an aptitude test that is designed to assess his verbal abilities. Which of the following would most likely be on the test?

• A question that asks him to solve a problem

• A question about the history of the US

• A question about interpreting charts and graphs

• A question about English grammar usage