Category 3 Biology Review

Evidence of

Evolution

Fossils

●

Provide historical evidence about the order in
which changes have occurred

●

Fossils found in young layers of rock (ie closer
to the surface) tend to be more similar to
present day organisms; oldest ancestors in
deepest layers

●

Extinction of organisms allow for new
resources to be available and allow for new
mutations to be shown as beneficial or not.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following can be learned by using the fossil record?

• When organisms changed or evolved

• when organisms became extinct

• when organisms appeared on Earth

• All the above

Multiple Choice

How do fossils provide evidence that evolution has happened on Earth?

• Fossils show how the sizes of certain animals has changed drastically over millions of years

• Fossils show that some species have gone extinct

• Fossils show how life forms present today are different than those from the past

• Different sedimentary rock layers provide evidence for how the environment has changed over time

1.Remnants of structures that were
once useful, but do not serve a
purpose now.

2.

Help in identifying relationships
between organisms.

Vestigial Structures

●

Structures are formed and set
up the same way.

●

Homologous structures may
not necessarily perform the
same function but they share
a common ancestral origin
due to how they develop.

Homologous
Structures

●

Structures of different
species having similar
function but not from
the same origin.

●

Structures are not
formed the same way,
but they have a similar
appearance/function.

Analogous
Structures

Multiple Choice

What term describes part of organisms, that have a similar structure but a different function?

• homologous structure

• homologous chromosome

• vestigial structure

• analogous structure

Multiple Choice

The appendix has no apparent function in humans today, but scientists think it used to help human ancestors digest certain foods. The appendix could be considered a _____________.

• Homologous structure

• Vestigial structure

• Analogous structure

• Adaptive structure

Multiple Choice

Two body structures, found in unrelated species, have different structures but serve similar functions in each species. This describes___________.

• Homologous structures

• Analogous structures

Multiple Choice

Which would NOT be an example of an analogous structure?

• a bird wing and a bat wing

• a cat arm and a whale fin

• a dolphin fin and whale fin

• a bird wing and a butterfly wing

1.

Embryos from different vertebrates are very similar
during early stages of development.

2.

The longer they are similar during development the
more closely related they are.

Embryonic
Structure

Multiple Choice

In stage one (top row) of these embryos, most of the embryos________

• look very similar.

• have very different features.

• show different stages of development.

• have only a tail if they are non-human.

●All organisms share the same
genetic material.

●The more alike two organisms are,
the more alike their DNA base
sequence, the more amino
acids/proteins they have in
common (genetic sequence).

DNA

What does this cladogram diagram tell us?

Multiple Choice

According to this data, the unknown bacterial species is most closely related to: 

• Species I

• Species II

• Species III

• Species IV

Multiple Choice

If two organisms have similar traits of DNA they are probably

• share a common ancestor

• share a common environment

• share a common population

• speciation

Multiple Choice

Which species’ DNA is most similar to the DNA of the toothed whale? 

• Hippopotamus 

• Baleen Whale

• Grazing Mammals

• Camels

Multiple Choice

What number is the common ancestor of C and D

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Match

Match the following

• Analogous Structure

• Homologous Structure

• Comparative Embryology

• Biochemical Evidence

• Vestigial Structures

Same function different structure

Same structure different function

Comparing embryological development of different species

Comparing DNA and amino acid sequences of different species

Structures in the body of an organism that no longer work.

• Same function different structure

• Same structure different function

• Comparing embryological development of different species

• Comparing DNA and amino acid sequences of different species

• Structures in the body of an organism that no longer work.

Multiple Choice

Two organisms that are closely related would have

• very similar DNA sequence

• exactly the same DNA sequences

• no proteins in common

• completely different DNA sequence

Fast lion vs. slow zebra Strong, healthy person vs. weak, sick person

Turn and talk: Who has the greatest
chance of survival?

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

1.There is variation within any species

2. All organisms tend to over-reproduce
making competition for food and
water.

3.There is a struggle for survival which
can lead to extinction.

4.The fittest survive and pass on their
genes which may lead to new
species.

5.The environment determines who is
the fittest.

Evolution Recap

Multiple Choice

This makes an organism more suited to its environment

• species

• lifespan

• adaptation

• mutation

Multiple Choice

Why is the mouse population changing over time?

• The light mice can reproduce more successfully than the dark mice

• The hawks eat more dark mice than light mice because the dark mice taste better

• The hawks eat more light mice than dark mice because they can see the light mice more easily

• The hawks eat more dark mice than light mice because they can see the dark mice more easily

Multiple Choice

Click on the image to increase size, then answer the question.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.

• Extinction
• Speciation
• Natural Selection
• Artificial Selection

Multiple Choice

The trees these moths used to live on were white, but have been covered in soot from coal factories. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?

• Dark moth

• Light moth

• Both will be equally successful

• Neither will be successful

In
biology, what is classification?

There are millions and millions of species,
so classifying organisms into proper
categories can be a difficult task. To make
it easier for all scientists to do, a
classification system had to be developed.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Linnaean Classification

The Linnaean system of classification consists of a
hierarchy of groupings, called taxa (singular, taxon). Taxa
range from the kingdom to the species. The kingdom is
the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of
organisms that share just a few basic similarities.
Examples are the plant and animal kingdoms.
The species is the smallest and most exclusive
grouping. It consists of organisms that are similar enough
to produce fertile offspring together. Closely related
species are grouped together in a genus.

Binomial Nomenclature

Perhaps the single greatest contribution
Linnaeus made to science was his method of
naming species. This method, called binomial
nomenclature, gives each species a unique,
two-word Latin name consisting of the genus
name and the species name. An example
is Homo sapiens, the two-word Latin name for
humans. It literally means “wise human.” This
is a reference to our big brains.

Why is having two names so important? It is
similar to people having a first and a last
name. You may know several people with the
first name Michael, but adding Michael’s last
name usually pins down exactly whom you
mean. In the same way, having two names
uniquely identifies a species.

Multiple Choice

The correct order of classification from the BROADEST group to the most narrow is:

• Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species

• Domain, Kingdom, Family, Order, Phylum, Class, Genus, Species

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Multiple Choice

An organism that LACK a NUCLEUS (NO NUCLEUS)

• Eukaryote

• Prokaryote

• Heterotroph

• Autotroph

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom has the following characteristics... Eukaryotic, Sexual, Multicellular, Heterotrophic.

• Bacteria
• Protista
• Plant
• Animal

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom has the following characteristics... Eukaryotic, Sexual, Multicellular, and Autotrophic

• Bacteria
• Protista
• Plant
• Animal

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom has the following characteristics... Prokaryotic, Asexual, Unicellular, and can be both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.

• Bacteria
• Protista
• Fungi 
• Plant

Multiple Choice

Which type of cells contain a nucleus?

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a common trait to all members of the six kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia?

• Presence of a cell wall

• Capable of sexual reproduction

• Presence of genetic material

• Presence of a nucleus

Match

Match the kingdom with the substance that composes their cell wall.

• cellulose

• chitin

• peptido.

• no peptido

plantae

fungi

eubacteria

archaebacteria

• plantae

• fungi

• eubacteria

• archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

Which rank contains the largest number of organisms?

• Genus
• Species
• Class
• Order

Multiple Choice

what taxon contains the least amount of organisms?

• kingdom

• phylum

• genus

• species

Multiple Choice

Lions and housecats share some common traits, but can't breed with one another. What can you infer about how they're classified?

• They might belong to the same family, but a different genus and species
• They might belong to the same order, but different phyla
• They might belong to the same domain, but different kingdoms
• They might belong to the same species, but different subspecies

Multiple Choice

A wolf's scientific name is Canis rufus. Which genus does it belong to?

• Canis

• rufus

• wolf

• animal

Multiple Choice

What levels of classification are used in the scientific name?

• Kingdom, Phylum

• Kingdom, Species

• Genus, Species

• Phylum, Genus

Multiple Choice

Based on the DNA sequences shown, the unknown species is most closely related to ________.

• Species I

• Species II

• Species III

• Species IV

Multiple Choice

Homologous structures are defined as anatomical structures originating from the same structure in ancestral form. For instance, a bird's wing and the front flippers of a seal are examples of homologous structures. Which of the following does the presence of homologous structures in vertebrates suggest?

• All vertebrates developed at the same rate.

• All vertebrates developed internally.

• All vertebrates evolved from different animals.

• All vertebrates have a common ancestor.

Multiple Choice

The example shown of these 2 mammals incubating their offspring in a pouch provides evidence that they______.

• belong to the same species

• must range great distances to eat

• have very similar skeletal structures

• are descended from a common ancestory

Multiple Choice

Each labeled area of this diagram represents organisms in a taxonomic level. In this diagram, level A represents marine mammals. The area of the diagram labeled B most likely represents which of the following taxonomic levels?

• fish

• mammals

• invertebrates

• primates

Multiple Choice

Based on the map shown, which organisms are more closely related?

• 1 and 4

• 2 and 6

• 7 and 8

• 2 and 3

Multiple Choice

Scientists compared the fossil remains of a species that lived 5,000 years ago to members of the same species living today. Scientists concluded that the species changed very little over this period of time. Which statement best accounts for this lack of change?

• The environment did not change significantly, and those offspring expressing new characteristics survived their natural enemies.

• The environment changed significantly, but the species had no natural enemies for a long period of time.

• The environment did not change significantly, and those offspring expressing new characteristics did not survive.

• The environment changed significantly, and those offspring without favorable characteristics did not survive.

Multiple Choice

Based on the table, which organisms are more closely related?

• G. atlantica and G. stehini

• G. galloti palmae and G. stehini

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. stehini

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. galloti palmae

Multiple Choice

Scientists can determine relatedness among organisms by comparing partial amino acid sequences. The table shows four partial amino acid sequences from four organisms. Which organism is the LEAST related to the other three organisms?

• Organism 1

• Organism 2

• Organism 3

• Organism 4

Multiple Choice

Which beetles are more fit for the environment?

• Green beetles

• Brown beetles

Multiple Choice

A student used a microscope to study four members of the phylum Ciliophora. Members of this phylum move when propelled by hundreds of tiny cilia. Although these organisms belong to the same phylum, they are classified as different —

• families

• species

• kingdoms

• orders

Multiple Choice

What is biological fitness?

• Being able to escape from predators

• Being among the strongest in a population

• Being able to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring.

• Being ale to survive long enough to reach adult age.

Multiple Choice

Which list correctly identifies characteristics that protists share with animals?

• F

• G

• H

• J

Multiple Choice

Based on the cladogram, the chimp will be more closely related to the _________.

• Hagfish

• Salamander

• Lizard

• Mouse

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows light- and dark-colored beetles that live on a tree. Which result is most likely to occur to the beetle population due to predation over time?

• The number of light-colored beetles in the population will increase.

• There will be more dark-colored beetles than light-colored beetles.

• The number of light-colored beetles will decrease.

• The dark-colored beetles will move to a different type of tree.

Multiple Choice

Based on the dichotomous key, which organism is purple and has a pointy hump?

• Deerus octagis

• Deerus humpis

• Derus purplinis

• Derus deafus

Multiple Choice

The image shows part of the humerus bone in different genera of primates. Which statement is best supported by the observable structures of the different humerus

bones?

• The primates lived in similar environments

• The primates shared a common ancestor.

• The primates interbreed with similar organisms in a population.

• The primates had diets that consisted of similar types of foods.

Multiple Choice

Which two trees are the most closely related?

• Taiwan beech and Taiwan catkin yew

• Taiwan catkin yew and Lodgepole pine

• Lodgepole pine and Japanese maple

• Japanese maple and Taiwan beech

Multiple Choice

A cladogram is shown below.
All the animals to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of -

• Fur
• claws or nails
• lungs
• jaws

Multiple Choice

Which organisms belong to the kingdom bacteria?

• Organisms 1 and 2

• Organisms 3 and 4

• Organisms 1 and 4

• Organisms 2 and 3

Multiple Choice

The scientific name for an organism is made from the:

• class and family name
• genus and species name
• domain and kingdom name
• kingdom and phylum name

Multiple Choice

The 8 levels of classification, broadest to most specific.

• Domain, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Species
• Domain, Species, Kingdom, Genus, Phylum, Family, Class, Order
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Order, Kingdom, Species, Domain, Phylum, Family, Class, Genus

Multiple Choice

Which organisms pictured on the cladogram have hair?

• prosimians only
• prosimians and humans
• humans only
• prosimians and birds

Multiple Choice

Which organism in the table is least closely related to the chimpanzee?

• human
• grey wolf
• tiger snake
• monarch butterfly

Multiple Choice

An illustration and a dichotomous key are given. What is the correct classification for this organism?

• Class Insecta
• Order Amblygygi
• Order Araneae
• Order Scorpiones

Multiple Choice

Organisms in this smallest taxonomic group share many characteristics.

• domain
• kingdom
• species
• class

Multiple Choice

This organism is multicellular, heterotroph, that has a cell wall made of chitin.  What kingdom does it belong in?

• fungi
• plantae
• animalia
• eubacteria

Multiple Choice

Mutations are important because they bring about

• death of the organism in which they develop
• genetic variation needed for a population to evolve
• benefits for the individual, not for the population
• Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population

Multiple Choice

Some organisms that share a common ancestor have features that have different functions, but similar structures.  These are known as

• vestigial structures
• analogous structures
• homologous structures
• fossil structures

Multiple Choice

Ostrich wings are examples of

• homologous structures
• vestigial structures
• adaptations
• traits

Multiple Choice

What do scientists generally find when comparing the relationship of living things in different geographic areas?

• Species living further apart geographically typically share a more recent common ancestral species than those living closer together
• Species living closer geographically typically share a more recent common ancestral species than those living further apart
• The location of where an organism lives gives no insight into their evolutionary relationships to other species
• Their protein sequences depend on the protein intake from the local watering hole.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following does NOT describe a beneficial use of fungi to humans?

• Fungi provide humans with oxygen during photosynthesis.
• Fungi are nature's "recyclers" and return nutrients to the environment.
• Fungi are used to create many medicines.
• Fungi are used for food for making certain foods.