Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on the following page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orange supergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming from existing elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In each layer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to the right of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star.
Which process represented in the model is occurring in each layer of this star to produce the new chemical elements?

• contact metamorphism
• internal crystallization
• nuclear fusion
• radioactive decay

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on the following page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orange supergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming from existing elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In each layer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to the right of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star.
What is the approximate surface temperature of this star during this stage of development?

• 3,200 K
• 6,000 K
• 10,500 K
• 18,000 K

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on the following page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orange supergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming from existing elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In each layer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to the right of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star.
The luminosity of this star can best be described as

•  less than the luminosity of the Sun
• greater than the luminosity of most stars in the main sequence
• approximately the same luminosity as a white dwarf
• approximately the same luminosity as Aldebaran

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
Roche Moutonée
 A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over a hill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock is abraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a more gentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock are broken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this side of the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and is composed of solid bedrock.
The formation of a roche moutonée by glaciers is best described as an example of

• chemical weathering
• physical weathering
• sediment deposition
• mass movement

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 
Roche Moutonée
 A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over a hill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock is abraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a more gentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock are broken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this side of the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and is composed of solid bedrock.
Which side-view model best shows the direction of ice movement and the locations of glacial abrasion and glacial quarrying that form a roche moutonée?

• model 1
• model 2
• model 3
• model 4

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 
Roche Moutonée
 A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over a hill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock is abraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a more gentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock are broken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this side of the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and is composed of solid bedrock.
A drumlin differs from a roche moutonée because a drumlin is

• formed by glaciers
• dome shaped
• deposited by glacial meltwater
• composed of loose sediments

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 
Roche Moutonée
 A roche moutonée is a glacial landscape feature produced as an advancing glacier slides over a hill of surface bedrock. As the glacier advances up the side of the hill, the surface bedrock is abraded and smoothed by rock fragments carried within the base of the glacial ice, creating a more gentle hillslope. As the glacier advances down the opposite side of the hill, chunks of bedrock are broken off and removed by the ice, a process called glacial quarrying (plucking), making this side of the hill steeper. The resulting hill resembles a drumlin, except it is often smaller and is composed of solid bedrock.
The chunks of bedrock removed by glacial quarrying and transported by the glaciers most likely produce

• terminal outwash plains
•  kettle lake depressions
• V-shaped valleys
• parallel scratches in surface bedrock

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the location of the Marcellus shale formation in New York State.
The Marcellus Shale
 The Marcellus shale is a black shale formation that was formed during the Middle Devonian Period. The shale extends from New York State as far south as Alabama. The Marcellus shale is exposed at the surface in the northern Finger Lakes region, and is buried 2.1 kilometers below the surface along the New York-Pennsylvania border. Geologists estimate that the Marcellus shale contains hundreds of trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. Most of the Marcellus shale does not allow fluids (gases and liquids) to flow through the rock. In order to obtain the natural gas trapped in the rock, the shale is fractured. This hydraulic fracturing consists of drilling a well, then pumping in large amounts of water containing chemicals and sand under high pressure to create cracks in the gas-bearing rock. Although this process can allow the trapped gas to be removed from the shale, opponents of hydraulic fracturing argue that the chemicals used in the process may lead to groundwater contamination.
In New York State, the Marcellus shale is generally found in which type of landscape region?

• plain
• plateau
• mountains
• lowlands

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the location of the Marcellus shale formation in New York State. 
The Marcellus Shale
 The Marcellus shale is a black shale formation that was formed during the Middle Devonian Period. The shale extends from New York State as far south as Alabama. The Marcellus shale is exposed at the surface in the northern Finger Lakes region, and is buried 2.1 kilometers below the surface along the New York-Pennsylvania border. Geologists estimate that the Marcellus shale contains hundreds of trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. Most of the Marcellus shale does not allow fluids (gases and liquids) to flow through the rock. In order to obtain the natural gas trapped in the rock, the shale is fractured. This hydraulic fracturing consists of drilling a well, then pumping in large amounts of water containing chemicals and sand under high pressure to create cracks in the gas-bearing rock. Although this process can allow the trapped gas to be removed from the shale, opponents of hydraulic fracturing argue that the chemicals used in the process may lead to groundwater contamination.
The reading passage states, “Most of the Marcellus shale does not allow fluids (gases and liquids) to flow through the rock.” This statement suggests that the Marcellus shale is

• clastic
• coarse grained
• porous
• impermeable

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the location of the Marcellus shale formation in New York State. 
The Marcellus Shale
 The Marcellus shale is a black shale formation that was formed during the Middle Devonian Period. The shale extends from New York State as far south as Alabama. The Marcellus shale is exposed at the surface in the northern Finger Lakes region, and is buried 2.1 kilometers below the surface along the New York-Pennsylvania border. Geologists estimate that the Marcellus shale contains hundreds of trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. Most of the Marcellus shale does not allow fluids (gases and liquids) to flow through the rock. In order to obtain the natural gas trapped in the rock, the shale is fractured. This hydraulic fracturing consists of drilling a well, then pumping in large amounts of water containing chemicals and sand under high pressure to create cracks in the gas-bearing rock. Although this process can allow the trapped gas to be removed from the shale, opponents of hydraulic fracturing argue that the chemicals used in the process may lead to groundwater contamination.
Why might people living near Elmira, New York, be opposed to energy companies using the hydraulic fracturing process?

• It could lower their energy costs
• The injected water could cause flooding in the area.
• There is the potential for the pollution of groundwater
• There is an increased risk of volcanic activity