FL Biology EOC - L.18.1 - Four Major Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrate macromolecules are formed from hexagonal structures called "monosaccharides" like show in the image using C, H, and O. The primary functions include: immediate energy and short-term energy storage.

• True

• False

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Lipid macromolecules are formed from jellyfish like structures called "triglycerides" like show in the image using C, H, and O. The primary functions include: insulation, protection, and long-term energy storage.

• True

• False

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Nucleic Acid macromolecules are formed from price-tag like structures called "nucleotides" like show in the image using C, H, O, N, and P. The primary functions include: storing and transmitting genetic information. Also know as DNA or RNA.

• True

• False

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Protein macromolecules are formed from strings of "amino acids" structures, that fold into 3D machines for cells, like shown in the image using C, H, O, and N. The primary functions include: enzymes, building blocks for cells structures, and fighting against infections.

• True

• False

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The role of enzymes is to act as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Chemical fit into these proteins and can recombine or break down faster with less energy needed (little assistants).

• True

• False

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Factors such as temperature affect enzyme activity. They can cause them to speed up or slow down, and even completely destroy the protein in high heat.

• True

• False

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As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloride acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?

• It becomes inactive

• It begins to replicate

• It's shape changes to engulf large proteins

• It's activity increases to digest more proteins

Answer explanation

Enzymes have an ideal pH, at which they best function. Many enzymes cannot function at all outside their ideal pH range. Pepsin functions best in the extreme acid environment of the stomach and will, therefore cease to function in the much higher pH of the small intestine.

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In living cells, enzymes act as catalysts, which may reduce the amount of activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. In the graphs below, pathway x is a solid line representing the uncatalyzed reaction. The dotted line shows the catalyzed reaction. Which graph best illustrates the changes in a reaction when the catalyst reduces the amount of energy required?

• Graph A

• Graph B

• Graph C

• Graph D

Answer explanation

A catalyst decreases the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to happen faster.

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The diagram below shows the general structure of an amino acid. Which type of molecule is formed from amino acids?

• lipids

• proteins

• carbohydrates

• nucleic acids

Answer explanation

Proteins are long chains of amino acids folded into specific shapes, which determine their properties and reactivity. The distinguishing factor is the R-group where any Random amino acid structure could be attached.

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You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the compound?

• lipid

• protein

• carbohydrate

• nucleic acid

Answer explanation

Carbohydrates are made up of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. See the video for the basic carbohydrate structure.

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