The main influences humanism has had on contemporary pedagogy include:

• regulation of emotions, positive mental health & developing social skills

• student-directed learning goals & whole-child consideration

• pro-social skills, individual accountability ‘free to learn’

• explicit teaching, group collaboration & interdependence

Humanist teaching strategies incl. ‘learning by doing’, developing self-awareness, cooperative & child-centred education

• True

• False

Two key theorists who contributed to humanist ideas in psychology and education in the 20th Century were:

• Rogers and Piaget

• Maslow and Freud

• Maslow and Rogers

• Gardner and Rogers

Maslow’s basic needs and growth needs come in a series of 5 ascending levels. These include all of these choices except:

• food, shelter, clothes

• competition and academic success

• safety, protection and security

• self-esteem

Self-actualisation may be defined as:

• achieving one’s ‘being’ needs

• a clear knowledge of one’s own self

• achieving one’s full potential

• achieving beyond the average person

According to Maslow, only ten per cent of adults truly reach the level of self-actualisation.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Less than one percnt of adults tuly reach the level of self-actualisation (Duchesne & McMaugh, 2019)

According to Rogers, teachers should:

• carefully manage children’s learning

• explain concepts in full through explicit teaching

• ensure children follow the prescribed curriculum

• assist students to explore their intrinsic interests

Answer explanation

Rogers urged teachers to assist students in their learning according to their interests and enthusiasms, rather than force them to learn a prescribed curriculum.

A particular strength of Rogers’ work is teachers having a positive view of children.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

A strength of Roger's work is the value placed on positive relationships developed in a climate of trust and support.

Progressive education employs all of the following strategies EXCEPT:

• individual instruction

• mixed ability groups

• working together in small groups

• emphasis on academic grades

Two critical features of cooperative learning include:

• task structure and contingent rewards

• conflict management and decision making

• identical tasks and individual products

• social cohesion and group commitment

Answer explanation

Carefully structured tasks including both individual and group components as well as rewards contingent on the successful completion of the task are essential components of cooperative learning.