Chapter 8_Leadership across Cultures

Which leadership approach do British managers typically use?

• Authoritarian

• Participative

• Laissez-faire

• Transactional

What is a key characteristic of Japanese leadership according to the study?

• High focus on rewards and punishments

• Ambiguous goals for subordinates

• Strict adherence to rules

• Minimal interaction with subordinates

Which group of countries showed the highest belief in the capacity for leadership and initiative among subordinates?

• Anglo-American

• Scandinavian

• Developing countries

• Asian countries

In the Middle East, which leadership dimension scored highest among mid-level managers?

• Sharing information and objectives

• Participation

• Capacity for leadership and initiative

• Internal control

Which theory suggests that leaders believe people generally dislike work and must be coerced?

• Theory X

• Theory Y

• System 4

• Theory Z

Which leadership style is associated with a high task and high people orientation?

• Transactional

• Transformational

• Participative

• Laissez-faire

What is the main difference between Theory X and Theory Y in terms of leadership assumptions?

• Theory X is task-focused; Theory Y is people-focused.

• Theory X assumes people need close supervision; Theory Y assumes people can self-direct.

• Theory X is laissez-faire; Theory Y is authoritarian.

• Theory X uses participative decision-making; Theory Y uses top-down decision-making.

What approach do Scandinavian countries generally favor in leadership?

• Authoritarian

• Transactional

• Participative

• Laissez-faire

In which area do Japanese managers excel compared to others according to the Haire, Ghiselli, and Porter study?

• Internal control

• Sharing information

• Participation

• External rewards

What aspect of U.S. leadership is contrasted with Japanese leadership in terms of problem-solving?

• Variety amplification vs. variety reduction

• Focus on opportunities vs. focus on problems

• External rewards vs. internal control

• Individualism vs. collectivism