A sensor deployed in a forest transmits data intermittently due to signal loss in a dense canopy. What would be the best approach to ensure continuous data transmission?

• Increase transmission power

• Switch to a high-frequency communication protocol

• Use LoRaWAN for long-range low-power communication

• Increase the number of data points

Which communication protocol is most suitable for long-range, low-power IoT sensor networks in forest environments?

• Wi-Fi

• LoRaWAN

• Zigbee

• Bluetooth

When integrating GIS with IoT sensor data in a real-time monitoring application, which cloud service is best suited for managing large-scale geospatial data and sensor streams?

• Microsoft Azure IoT Hub

• Google Cloud BigQuery

• Amazon Web Services IoT Core

• Amazon Location Service

An IoT sensor collects air quality data from a forest region, but the data is noisy. What is the most efficient method to clean the data before visualizing it in GIS?

• Applying Kalman filtering on raw data

• Using moving averages in GIS

• Discarding outliers manually

• Smoothing data directly in a GIS platform

In a forest monitoring project using IoT and GIS, how would you handle connectivity issues in remote locations with poor network coverage?

• Deploy high-power LTE antennas

• Use a mesh network topology for IoT devices

• Increase battery size of IoT sensors

• Reduce data collection frequency

Which of the following is the most efficient storage solution for sensor data in IoT projects integrated with GIS platforms?

• SQL database

• Time-series database like InfluxDB

• Relational database

• Key-Value storage system

What is the best method to visualize real-time sensor data from a forest monitoring IoT network in a GIS dashboard?

• Use static shapefiles to store data

• Use WebSocket connections for real-time updates

• Use APIs to periodically fetch data

• Store data in CSV format and import it into GIS

A forest sensor network transmits temperature data to a cloud platform. How can you ensure the data is displayed correctly with spatial accuracy in GIS?

• Include latitude and longitude with each data packet

• Attach time zone information with the data

• Collect data at regular intervals

• Transmit the sensor's calibration data

Which protocol is most commonly used for lightweight messaging between IoT sensors and a GIS server?

• MQTT

• HTTP

• FTP

• TCP

In a sensor-based IoT system integrated with GIS, which layer of the network stack handles the interpretation of sensor data into geospatial formats?

• Application Layer

• Transport Layer

• Network Layer

• Presentation Layer