Africa South of the Sahara

River deltas are found on the lower reaches of rivers, where the flow of water spreads out and slows down, depositing sediments into expanses of wetlands and shallow water. There are two types of deltas: coastal deltas where the river meets the sea and inland deltas where the river fills extensive floodplains and marshes. One of the most famous African examples of an inland delta is the Inner Niger Delta in Mali.
Which physical environmental process is responsible for the creation of the types of landforms described in the excerpt?

• Ocean currents
• Tectonic plate movement
• Droughts
• Erosion

Thousands of schools across South Africa are filled with students who dream of being the accountants, engineers, and doctors this country desperately needs, but the education system is often failing the very children depending on it most to escape poverty.  So much so that South Africa is at grave risk, analysts say, of entrenching its racial and class divide rather than bridging it. Half the country’s students never make it to 12th grade. Though some formerly all-white suburban schools are excellent, many student who attend rural and township schools are so badly educated that they qualify for little but menial labor, fueling the nation’s highest rates of unemployment and crime.

• poor economic decisions in South Africa
• government corruption in South Africa
• racial policies in South Africa
• tribal divisions in South Africa

In Central Africa, conflict has been ongoing between Hutus and Tutsis since 1994. According to Professor Nzongola-Ntalaja, what is the source of the conflict between these groups?In Rwanda, the Tutsi and the Hutu are the same people. They are all people--large  grouping or communities which go from seven regions of Cameroon to Uganda--all  the way to South Africa, in the same culture. People used to be Tutsi or Hutu, depending on the proximity to the king. If you were close to the king, you owned  wealth, you owned a lot of cattle, you are a Tutsi. If you are far away from the king,  you are a cultivator, you don't own much cattle, you are a Hutu. And with that, an  individual could be a Tutsi or Hutu.

• Ethnic differences
• Economic differences
• Religious differences

The type of art form shown in the picture is popular in Sub-Saharan Africa because —

• religious leaders use these artifacts in ceremonies
• natural materials are readily available in the region
• European settlers taught the techniques to Africans
• many art schools were built in the region by colonists

In what way did physical geography affect the language patterns of Sub-Sahara Africa?

• Mountain ranges stopped the spread of languages across the continent.
• Deserts and oceans served as barriers to the spread of some language families.
• Languages were able to spread from islands in the Indian Ocean to Africa’s mainland.
• River systems in Africa helped to spread languages from South Africa to North Africa.

Which number on the map indicates the location of Nigeria?

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

How has the history of Sub-Saharan Africa contributed to political instability in some nations of the region?

• The devastation of the Second World War has left some nations struggling to recover.  
• The end of foreign aid to the region is leaving many without proper food and medicine.
• The end of European colonization left some nations struggling to form effective governments. 
• The migration of the Bantu-speaking people across national boundaries has caused a clash of cultures.

English and French have become common languages spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa because of —

• a history of European colonization in the region
• the migration of many missionaries to the region
• a tradition of learning multiple languages in the region 
• an established system of Christian schools in the region

In what way did European colonization of Sub-Saharan Africa affect economic development in the region?

• Most economies primarily export natural resources.
• Command economies became a common institution.
• Traditional economies were encouraged to continue.
• Industrial economies were established in most nations.

Many conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa resulted from the way the European colonists —

• mined the region for resources
• educated different ethnic groups
• distributed farm land amongst the settlers
• established boundary lines between nations