Observational Design

What does "to observe" mean in the context of scientific observation?

• To interpret behavior based on psychological theory

• To describe behavior without interpreting it

• To predict future behavior based on patterns

• To measure attitudes through questionnaires

Which of the following is NOT considered a "behavior" in observational research?

• Number of clicks on a website

• Duration of a conversation

• A person's underlying motivation for buying a product

• Frequency of smiling

What is the correct order of the stages of scientific observation?

• Recording → Selection → Interpretation → Analysis

• Selection → Recording → Analysis → Interpretation

• Analysis → Selection → Recording → Interpretation

• Selection → Interpretation → Recording → Analysis

Observation provides insight into what people do AND how they think.

• True

• False

Which advantage of observational methods makes them particularly useful for studying infants?

• High internal validity

• Works with populations who cannot fill in questionnaires

• Provides measurable statistics

• Eliminates all observer bias

A figure skating judge gives higher technical scores to a skater they know by reputation. This is an example of:

• Hawthorne effect

• Pygmalion effect

• Halo effect

• Observer fatigue

The Hawthorne effect refers to:

• Observers interpreting behavior through their personal beliefs

• Participants changing behavior because they know they are being observed

• Expectations of the observer influencing the participant's actual behavior

• Observers becoming tired and missing behaviors

Which bias occurs when the researcher's expectations influence the participant's actual behavior?

• Halo effect

• Observer bias

• Pygmalion effect

• Hawthorne effect

A controlled observation typically has:

• High ecological validity and low internal validity

• High internal validity and low ecological validity

• High ecological validity and high internal validity

• Low ecological validity and low internal validity

Covert observation eliminates the risk of demand characteristics but raises ethical concerns.

• True

• False