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WorksheetsMicrobiology Immune System/ host defences
Total questions: 94
Worksheet time: 47mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
occurs when an organism gets access to the tissues underneath the mucous membranes or the skin. e.g. Punctures, injections, bites, cuts, wounds, surgery and split skin or mucous membranes.
a)
infection route
b)
pathogenic route
c)
Parenteral route
d)
none of these
2.
relationship between normal microbiota and the host.
a)
parasitism
b)
symbiosis
c)
endosymbiotic
d)
anabolism
3.
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.
a)
Focal infection
b)
Pathogenic infection
c)
limited infection
d)
Local infection
4.
Infectious dose for 50% of the test population;
Number of pathogens required to cause infection in 50% of the test population.
Number of pathogens required to cause infection in 50% of the test population.
a)
LD50
b)
ED50
c)
ID50
d)
none of these
5.
refers to damage to host cells during virus invasion; changes caused by viruses.
a)
cyropractic effects of viruses
b)
Cytopathic effects of viruses
c)
Serious effects of viruses
d)
Bad effects of viruses
6.
is an exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It is one of the toxins responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning in humans
a)
Staphylococcal biotoxin B
b)
Staphylococcal seriotoxin B
c)
Staphylococcal bytoxin B
d)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
7.
Part of cell wall of gram negative bacteria; are liberated when cell dies. They are lipids that cause fever, and cannot be neutralized by an antitoxin.
a)
exotoxin
b)
endotoxin
8.
which is NOT a characteristic of Skin- first line of defense?
a)
Skin - dry and constantly shed.;
b)
Epidermis consists of, tightly packed cells with Keratin, a protective protein.;
c)
Dermis - inner, thicker portion of connective Dermis - inner, thicker portion of connective tissue;
d)
All are characteristics
9.
both organisms benefit
a)
anabolism- symbiosis
b)
parasitism- symbiosis
c)
mutualism- symbiosis
d)
commensurable- symbiosis
10.
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease.
a)
actions of infectious disease
b)
syndrome of infectious disease
c)
process of infectious disease
d)
signs of infectious disease
11.
A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.
a)
non-communicable disease
b)
communicable disease
c)
serious disease
d)
pathogenic disease
12.
an enzyme that aids in bacterial virulence by degrading hyaluronic acid
a)
oxidase
b)
kinasase
c)
bioronidase
d)
hyaluronidase
13.
MHC, major histocompatibility complex, class II molecules are a family of molecules normally found only on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells.
a)
MHC I
b)
MHC II
14.
relating to or being any of the relatively short extremely variable polypeptide chain segments in the light chain or heavy chain of an antibody;
a)
constant region
b)
hypervariable region
c)
short region
d)
light region
15.
refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized.
a)
common immunity
b)
Adaptive immunity
c)
pathogenic immunity
d)
anaphlactic immunity
16.
NOT a surface protection of anatomical and physiological barriers;
a)
intact skin;
b)
mucous membranes and their secretions;
c)
Normal microbiota;
d)
All are correct
17.
first line of defense: skin and mucous membranes, natural microbiota
a)
Host defenses-physical
b)
pathogen defenses-physical
c)
virulent defenses-physical
d)
none of these
18.
lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by destroying their cell membrane
a)
oxytocin
b)
hemolysins
c)
hemoglobin
d)
ammunoglobulin
19.
The I-g monomer is a "Y"-shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds. Each chain is composed of structural domains called immunoglobulin domains.
a)
structure of an antigen
b)
structure of an antibody
20.
lyse host's cells by: Making protein channels in the plasma membrane e.g., leukocidins , destorys - red blood cells, hemolysins - destorys white blood cells, Streptoysins or clots.; Disrupting phospholipid bilayer.
a)
nucleus-disruptin toxins
b)
cytoplasm-disruptin toxins
c)
Membrane-disruptin toxins
d)
all of the above
21.
A substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells.
a)
catalyst
b)
enzyme
c)
Antibody Ab
d)
Antigen Ag
22.
Effects of complement activation - which is the pivotal protein in the cascade?
a)
c1 is the pivotal protein in the cascade.
b)
c5 is the pivotal protein in the cascade.
c)
c4 is the pivotal protein in the cascade.
d)
c3 is the pivotal protein in the cascade.
23.
which is Phagocytic and makes up 60-70%
a)
Neutrophils
b)
macrophage
c)
basophil
d)
none of the above
24.
They activate innate immune responses, protecting host by identifying non-self molecules; are Activated by protein receptors in plasma membrane of defensive cells;
a)
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns, P.A.M.P's
b)
Host Toll-like receptors, T.L.R's,
25.
The variable region is further subdivided into hypervariable (HV) and framework (FR) regions.
a)
variable region antibody function
b)
constant region antibody function
26.
The constant region determines the mechanism used to destroy antigen. Antibodies are divided into five major classes, I g-M, I g-G, I g-A, I g-D, and I g-E, based on their constant region structure and immune function.
a)
variable region antibody function
b)
constant region antibody function
27.
MHC class ___ molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the body.
a)
MHC II
b)
MHC I
28.
protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin;
a)
Kinase
b)
Coagulase
c)
Siderophore
d)
leukocidins
29.
The following represents ____ ; "microorganisms in hospital environment; compromised host; chain of transmission."
a)
a. contributions to nosocomial infection
b)
b. contributions to non-viral infections
c)
c. contributions to Healthcare acquired diseases
d)
d. both A and C
30.
A disease that is spread from one host to another.
a)
acute disease
b)
communicable disease
c)
symptomatic disease
d)
asymptomatic disease
31.
• Recognize antigens displayed on cells with MHC 1;
• Activated by cytokines from TH;
• Transform into Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL);
• Destroy target cells on contact by perforin (apoptosis) and;
• Granzyme - a protease that destroys cells.
• Activated by cytokines from TH;
• Transform into Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL);
• Destroy target cells on contact by perforin (apoptosis) and;
• Granzyme - a protease that destroys cells.
a)
Helper T cells how are they activated? What do they do?
b)
cytotoxic T cells how are they activated? What do they do?
c)
B cells how are they activated? What do they do?
d)
none of the above
32.
Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy;
Producing acids;
Producing bacteriocins;
Proteins that interfere with the growth of competing organisms.
Producing acids;
Producing bacteriocins;
Proteins that interfere with the growth of competing organisms.
a)
benefits of transient microbiota
b)
benefits of Vitamins
c)
benefits of normal microbiota
d)
benefits of pathogenic microbiota
33.
Originates in bone marrow from stem cell;
Give rise to plasma cells;
Form memory cells;
Progeny (daughter cells) produces antibodies;
Bears a cell surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen;
Forms clones of identical cells when activated.
Give rise to plasma cells;
Form memory cells;
Progeny (daughter cells) produces antibodies;
Bears a cell surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen;
Forms clones of identical cells when activated.
a)
Characteristics of Helper T cells
b)
Characteristics of Erythrocytes
c)
Characteristics of T cells
d)
Characteristics of B cells
34.
Dimer and monomer;
10-15% of serum antibodies;
In secretions;
Mucosal protection;
Half-life = 6 days;
Most abundant antibody in the body.
10-15% of serum antibodies;
In secretions;
Mucosal protection;
Half-life = 6 days;
Most abundant antibody in the body.
a)
Characteristics of antibodies-IgA
b)
Characteristics of antibodies-IgE
c)
Characteristics of antibodies-IgD
d)
Characteristics of antibodies-IgG
35.
may be present for days, weeks, or months.
a)
Transport microbiota
b)
Transient microbiota
c)
Normal microbiota
d)
Abnormal microbiota
36.
Symptoms develop rapidly
a)
Primary infection
b)
Acute disease
c)
Chronic infection
d)
Reservoirs of Infection
37.
Are continual sources of infection, e.g. AIDS, gonorrhea, Shigella; Carriers may have unapparent infections or latent diseases, e.g. Rabies, Lyme disease; Some zoo-noses may be transmitted to humans; Nonliving: Botulism, tetanus; Soil, animal feces used as fertilizer, Water.
a)
Primary infection
b)
Acute disease
c)
Chronic infection
d)
Reservoirs of Infection
38.
Method of viral reproduction characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome; In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally
a)
Viral conjugation
b)
Lytic cycle
c)
Lysogeny
39.
Adhesins & ligands bind to receptors on host cells, surface molecules of pathogen, bind to receptors on host cells; Glycocalyx in S. mutans, Fimbriae in E. coli, M protein in S. pyogenes, resists phagocytosis; Opa protein in N. gonorrhoeae, inhibit T helper cells; Tapered end of T. pallidum;
a)
adherence
b)
Infection
40.
Take iron from host; iron-binding proteins, aids in bacterial virulence
a)
Kinase
b)
Coagulase
c)
Siderophore
d)
leukocidins
41.
Gram positive; by-product of a growing cell, secreted into medium during the cells log phase.
Do not cause fever, can be neutralized by an antitoxin; proteins.
Do not cause fever, can be neutralized by an antitoxin; proteins.
a)
Exotoxin
b)
Endotoxin
42.
proteins produced in response to specific antigens; They can stop pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them & can stimulate removal of pathogen by macrophages by coating pathogens; Can trigger direct pathogen destruction by other immune responses e.g. complement pathway.
a)
What is an antigen? How do they protect the host?
b)
What is an antibody? How do they protect the host?
43.
permanently colonize the host
a)
abNormal microbiota
b)
Transient microbiota
c)
Normal microbiota
44.
a relatively immotile macrophage found in connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
a)
fixed neutrophil
b)
fixed macrophage
c)
fixed B lymphocyte
d)
fixed T lymphocyte
45.
Proteins made in response to an Ag; can combine with that Ag.
a)
Antigen
b)
Antibody
46.
a ____ is a region in the variable domain of a protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and which is less "variable" than the CDR. As an example, each chain (alpha or beta) of the TCR is composed of four framework regions, separated by three CDRs
a)
Constant region
b)
Variable region
c)
framework region
47.
Transplacental or via colostrum Ab ; you are sitting in your moms stomach, and her immunine will cover you for a short time after birth, as well as when she is breast feeding
you.
you.
a)
artificially acquired active
b)
artificially acquired passive
c)
naturally acquired active
d)
naturally acquired passive
48.
helps with bacterial virulence by killing leukocytes
a)
Kinase
b)
Coagulase
c)
Siderophore
d)
leukocidins
49.
Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs.
a)
Mucous membranes- physical second line of defense
b)
Mucous membranes- physical first line of defense
50.
the "A" component is usually the "active" portion, and the "B" component is usually the "binding" portion. The "A" subunit possesses enzyme activity, and is transferred to the host cell after conformational change in membrane-bound transport "B" subunit.
a)
action of an A-B endotoxin
b)
action of an A-B exotoxin
51.
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
a)
inapparent infection
b)
Secondary infection
c)
Focal infection
d)
Local infection
52.
Bacteria in the blood.
a)
Bacteremia
b)
Septicemia
53.
by Cytokines including IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, and CCL5, they are activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines & serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response generates antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection.
a)
T killer cells activation (cytotoxic T Cell)
b)
Natural killer cells activation
54.
Growth of bacteria in the blood.
a)
Septicemia
b)
Bacterimia
55.
Involved in specific immunity, not phagocytic.;
Tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, thoracic duct, bone marrow, appendix, Peyer's patches of small intestine, and reproductive tracts.;
20-25%
Tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, thoracic duct, bone marrow, appendix, Peyer's patches of small intestine, and reproductive tracts.;
20-25%
a)
Lymphocytes
b)
Erythrocyte
c)
B- cell
d)
T- cell
56.
Systemic infection that began as a local infection.
a)
Local infection
b)
Focal infection
57.
A macrophage that leaves the blood and migrates to infected tissue
a)
Fixed macrophages
b)
wandering macrophages
58.
Toxins in the blood; can be caused by ingesting too much alcohol
a)
Toxemia
b)
Bacterimia
c)
Infection
d)
Disease
59.
Mucous membrane; Genitourinary, STD; Respiratory is most common; Gastrointestinal is 2nd most common; Conjunctiva; Skin is Parenteral route and the Preferred portal of entry;
a)
portals of exit
b)
portals of entry
60.
Produce histamine; not phagocytic;
0.5-1%
0.5-1%
a)
B cell
b)
Basophils
c)
T cell
61.
defenses that are present at birth
a)
Strong immunity
b)
Innate immunity
c)
acquired immunity
d)
artificial immunity
62.
The study of where and when diseases occur
a)
Biology
b)
Virology
c)
Diseaseology
d)
epidemiology
63.
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.
a)
Sign
b)
syndrome
64.
region that form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains. They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody
a)
Constant region is
b)
hypervariable region is
65.
Monomer;
0.002% of serum antibodies;
On mast cells, basophils, and in blood;
Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms;
Half-life = 2 days
0.002% of serum antibodies;
On mast cells, basophils, and in blood;
Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms;
Half-life = 2 days
a)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-E
b)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-D
c)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-G
d)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-A
66.
Pentamer;
5-10% of serum antibodies;
Fix complement;
In blood, lymph, and on B cells;
Agglutinates microbes; first A-b produced in response to infection;
Half-life = 5 days.
5-10% of serum antibodies;
Fix complement;
In blood, lymph, and on B cells;
Agglutinates microbes; first A-b produced in response to infection;
Half-life = 5 days.
a)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-E
b)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-D
c)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-M
d)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-A
67.
Disease develops slowly
a)
Acute disease
b)
Chronic disease
68.
• Inclusion bodies; • Negri bodies - inclusion bodies produce by rabbies;
• Syncytium - cell fussion - into big mass; • Loss of contract inhibition;
• interferon production - natural reponse; • cellular chromosomal changes; • Target cells for immune system destroyed by changing surface antigens.
• Syncytium - cell fussion - into big mass; • Loss of contract inhibition;
• interferon production - natural reponse; • cellular chromosomal changes; • Target cells for immune system destroyed by changing surface antigens.
a)
Endergonic effects of viruses
b)
Pathogenic effects of viruses
c)
Cytopathic effects of viruses
d)
Anticlimactic effects of viruses
69.
____ are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. A set of CDRs constitutes a paratope.
a)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs
b)
Complementarity determining regions, CDRs
70.
Macrophages stimulate the liver to release lectins. These enhance opsonization by binding to cell carbohydrates.
a)
Classic pathway (complement system)
b)
Lectin pathway (complement system)
c)
Alternate pathway (complement system)
71.
____ is when phagocytes stick to the inner lining of blood vessels and emigration is when they pass through the vessel wall to the damaged area.
a)
Margination
b)
Diapedeses
72.
First stage of inflammation, involves an increase of blood vessel diameter, thus increased blood flow. Kinins cause vasoldilationd and increase permeability.
a)
Vasoconstriction
b)
Vasodilation
73.
Symptoms are, Redness or erythema, Pain, Heat, Swelling or edema;
Acute phase, proteins, complement, cytokine, & kinins are activated;
Stages are, Vasodilation caused by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes; Margination and emigration of WBCs phagoctyes, and Tissue repair.
Acute phase, proteins, complement, cytokine, & kinins are activated;
Stages are, Vasodilation caused by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes; Margination and emigration of WBCs phagoctyes, and Tissue repair.
a)
Disease and its effects, steps involved in the inflammatory response
b)
Vasodialation and its effects, steps involved in the inflammatory response
c)
Inflammation and its effects, steps involved in the inflammatory response
d)
Pathogen and its effects, steps involved in the inflammatory response
74.
Ag occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
a)
naturally acquired passive
b)
artificially acquired active
c)
naturally acquired active
d)
artificially acquired passive
75.
also called an antigen-binding site, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen. It is a small region (of 15 to 22 amino acids) of the antibody's Fv region, part of the fragment antigen-binding (Fab region), and contains parts of the antibody's heavy and light chains.
a)
paratope is
b)
anatope is
c)
Region is
d)
site is
76.
is a change in the DNA production due to prophage
a)
Lysogenic conversion
b)
Lytic conversion
77.
Which is not an action of an A-B exotoxin
a)
1. Bacterium produces & releases exotoxin;
b)
2. B or binding component exotoxin attaches to host cell receptor;
c)
3. A-B exotoxin enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis;
d)
All are actions
78.
step The action of an A-B exotixin:
1. Bacterium produces & releases exotoxin;
2. B or binding component exotoxin attaches to host cell receptor;
3. A-B exotoxin enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis;
4. ____
5. ____
1. Bacterium produces & releases exotoxin;
2. B or binding component exotoxin attaches to host cell receptor;
3. A-B exotoxin enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis;
4. ____
5. ____
a)
4. A-B components of exotoxin seprates.
5. A-B exotoxin enclosed in pinched-off portion of membrane during pinocytosis;
5. A-B exotoxin enclosed in pinched-off portion of membrane during pinocytosis;
b)
4. A-B exotoxin enclosed in pinched-off portion of membrane during pinocytosis;
5. A-B components of exotoxin seprates.
5. A-B components of exotoxin seprates.
79.
Cytokines involved in _____ activation include IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, and CCL5. NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines. They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response generates antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection.
a)
Helper T cells
b)
Killer T cells
c)
Natural killer cells
d)
B- cells
80.
a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.
a)
Helper T cells
b)
Killer T cells
c)
Natural killer cells
d)
B- cells
81.
they are activated when presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete cytokines which regulate or assist in the active immune response.
a)
Helper T cells
b)
Killer T cells
c)
Natural killer cells
d)
B- cells
82.
Does not involve antibodies. Complement proteins, and proteins call factors B,D, & P, combine with certain microbial polysaccharides.
a)
Alternative pathway ( complement system)
b)
Classical pathway ( complement system)
c)
Lectin pathway ( complement system)
83.
Monomer;
0.2% of serum antibodies;
In blood, lymph, and on B cells;
On B cells, initiates immune response;
Half-life = 3 days
0.2% of serum antibodies;
In blood, lymph, and on B cells;
On B cells, initiates immune response;
Half-life = 3 days
a)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-E
b)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-D
c)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-M
d)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-A
84.
Monomer;
80% of serum antibodies;
Fix complement;
In blood, lymph, and intestine;
Cross placenta;
Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn;
Half-life = 23 days
80% of serum antibodies;
Fix complement;
In blood, lymph, and intestine;
Cross placenta;
Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn;
Half-life = 23 days
a)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-E
b)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-D
c)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-G
d)
Characteristics of antibodies Ig-A
85.
are exotoxins that cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells; Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death; Staphylococcal toxins, food poisoning, Toxic Shock Syndrome,TSS.
a)
Superantibodies
b)
Superantigens
c)
Pathogens
d)
None of the above
86.
cellular and chemical systems which are activated in the surface protection is
breached.
• complement - reproduce.;
• Interferons.;
• natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells.;
• Inflammation.;
• fever.
breached.
• complement - reproduce.;
• Interferons.;
• natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells.;
• Inflammation.;
• fever.
a)
primary line of defense
b)
secondary line of defense
87.
Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis;
2-4%
2-4%
a)
Basophil
b)
Eosinophils
c)
Neutrophil
d)
Monocytes
88.
Phagocytic as mature macrophages;
Fixed macrophages;
Wandering macrophages roam tissues;
3-8%
Fixed macrophages;
Wandering macrophages roam tissues;
3-8%
a)
Basophil
b)
Eosinophils
c)
Neutrophil
d)
Monocytes
89.
enzyme produced by bacteria that helps with virulence; Digest fibrin clots; Streptokinase, fibrinolysin, enzyme secreted by several species of streptococci can bind and activate human plasminogen;
Staphylokinase, amino acid enzyme, from Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylokinase, amino acid enzyme, from Staphylococcus aureus.
a)
Coagulase
b)
Protease
c)
Kinase
d)
Siderophore
90.
they are Protein receptors in plasma membranes that activate the response of the innate system. They attach to components found on pathogens
a)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs and their function
b)
toll-like receptors,TLRs, and their function
91.
_____ are any of a group of naturally occurring proteins that mediate communication between Leukocytes. they regulate cell growth, differentiation, and motility. They are particularly important in stimulating immune responses, such as inflammation.
a)
Interferons
b)
Interleukins
92.
a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication.
a)
Interferons
b)
Interleukins
93.
immune adherence: Enhanced phagocytosis.
coating a microorganism with plasma proteins such as antibodies and complement; promotes phagocytosis.
coating a microorganism with plasma proteins such as antibodies and complement; promotes phagocytosis.
a)
Inhibition
b)
Antagonism
c)
Anabolism
d)
Opsonization
94.
is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction,this cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.
a)
lysogenic cycle
b)
lytic cycle
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