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Chapter 18 A&P 2

Total questions: 92

Worksheet time: 51mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Definition of Stress

a)

- secretes product into a duct, duct carries secretion into body cavity or external surface, ex.- sweat glands, oil glands, mucous glands (digestive system)

b)

- “duct less”, secretes product into extracellular space around secretory cell, secretion then passes through membrane of cells and into the blood. ex.- pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis

c)

- Chemical substances released from one tissue and transported by the blood to reach certain cells (target cells) in other tissues, where they exert regulatory effects on cellular processes.

d)

- any condition that threatens homeostasis. Stressors that may cause stress include: physical, emotional, environmental, and metabolic factors

2.

Definition of Exocrine gland

a)

- secretes product into a duct, duct carries secretion into body cavity or external surface, ex.- sweat glands, oil glands, mucous glands (digestive system)

b)

- “duct less”, secretes product into extracellular space around secretory cell, secretion then passes through membrane of cells and into the blood. ex.- pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis

c)

- Chemical substances released from one tissue and transported by the blood to reach certain cells (target cells) in other tissues, where they exert regulatory effects on cellular processes.

d)

- any condition that threatens homeostasis. Stressors that may cause stress include: physical, emotional, environmental, and metabolic factors

3.

Definition of Endocrine gland

a)

- secretes product into a duct, duct carries secretion into body cavity or external surface, ex.- sweat glands, oil glands, mucous glands (digestive system)

b)

- “duct less”, secretes product into extracellular space around secretory cell, secretion then passes through membrane of cells and into the blood. ex.- pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis

c)

- Chemical substances released from one tissue and transported by the blood to reach certain cells (target cells) in other tissues, where they exert regulatory effects on cellular processes.

d)

- any condition that threatens homeostasis. Stressors that may cause stress include: physical, emotional, environmental, and metabolic factors

4.

Definition of Hormone

a)

- secretes product into a duct, duct carries secretion into body cavity or external surface, ex.- sweat glands, oil glands, mucous glands (digestive system)

b)

- “duct less”, secretes product into extracellular space around secretory cell, secretion then passes through membrane of cells and into the blood. ex.- pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis

c)

- Chemical substances released from one tissue and transported by the blood to reach certain cells (target cells) in other tissues, where they exert regulatory effects on cellular processes.

d)

- any condition that threatens homeostasis. Stressors that may cause stress include: physical, emotional, environmental, and metabolic factors

5.

-Similarities between the nervous and endocrine system

a)

• coordinate activities

b)

• rely on the release of proteins that bind to specific

receptors on their target cells.

c)

• rely on the release of chemicals that bind to specific

receptors on their target cells.

d)

• coordinate muscles

e)

• share many chemical messengers (norepinephrine, epinephrine)

6.

-Similarities between the nervous and endocrine system

a)

• regulated primarily by negative feedback control mechanisms

b)

• interrelated: they can stimulate or exhibit each other

c)

• share a common goal: to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and systems

d)

• regulated primarily by positive feedback control mechanisms

e)

• interrelated: they can stimulate or inhibit each other

7.

-Differences between the nervous and endocrine system

a)

• messengers: endocrine system’s messengers go between neurons while the nervous system’s messengers use the bloodstream for delivery

b)

• speed: the nervous system is extremely faster than the endocrine system

c)

• speed: the endocrine system is extremely faster than the nervous system

d)

• messengers: nervous system’s messengers go between neurons while the endocrine system’s messengers use the bloodstream for delivery

8.

A hormone may.....

a)

• stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or a structural protein not already present in the cytoplasm by activating appropriate genes in the nucleus.

b)

• stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or a structural neuron not already present in the cytoplasm by activating appropriate genes in the soma.

c)

• turn an existing enzyme “on” or “off” by changing its shape or structure

d)

• turn an existing neuron “on” or “off” by changing its shape or structure

9.

A hormone may.....

a)

• increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of a particular enzyme or other protein by changing the rate of transcription or translation

b)

• increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of a particular neuron or other protein by changing the rate of transition or translation

10.

The Endocrine system - function

a)

affect the bodily activities by releasing chemical messengers called hormones into the blood.

b)

affect the bodily activities by releasing enzyme messengers called hormones into the blood.

11.

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the nervous and endocrine system by 3 mechanisms.

a)

it secretes regulatory hormones, which control the activities of endocrine cells in the pituitary gland

b)

it acts as an endocrine organ by releasing hormones into the circulation at the anterior pituitary

c)

its autonomic centers exert direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae

d)

it secretes regulatory enzymes, which control the activities of endocrine cells in the pituitary gland

e)

it acts as an endocrine organ by releasing hormones into the circulation at the posterior pituitary

12.

PATTERNS OF HORMONAL INTERACTION (4)

a)

antagonistic (opposing) effects - the effects will be smaller than those produced by either hormone acting alone

b)

antagonistic (opposing) effects - the effects will be larger than those produced by either hormone acting alone

c)

synergistic (additive) effects - net effects are greater than either hormone acting alone

d)

synergistic (additive) effects - net effects are greater than either hormone acting together

13.

PATTERNS OF HORMONAL INTERACTION (4)

a)

permissive effect - one hormone is necessary for another to produce its effect

b)

permeable effect - one hormone is necessary for another to produce its effect

c)

integrative effect - hormones produce different but complementary results

d)

integrative effect - proteins produce different but complementary results

14.

Alarm phase definition

a)

- an immediate response, “fight or flight”, directed by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

b)

- eventual breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

15.

Exhaustion phase definition

a)

- an immediate response, “fight or flight”, directed by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

b)

- eventual breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

16.

-Cause pituitary to release Thyroid-

stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

a)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH

b)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH

c)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

d)

Prolactin-releasing hormone PRF

e)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH

17.

-Causes pituitary to release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or coticotropin

a)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH

b)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH

c)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

d)

Prolactin-releasing hormone PRF

e)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH

18.

-Causes pituitary to release Gonodotropic hormones (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or follitropin, Luteinizing hormone (LH) or lutropin)

a)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH

b)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH

c)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

d)

Prolactin-releasing hormone PRF

e)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH

19.

-Causes pituitary to release Prolactin (PRL) or mammotropin

-Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRF)

a)

TRH

b)

CRH

c)

GnRH

d)

PRF

e)

PIH

20.

-Inhibits (stops) the pituitary from releasing Prolactin (PRL) or mammotropin

-Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

a)

TRH

b)

CRH

c)

GnRH

d)

PRF

e)

PIH

21.

-Causes pituitary to release Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

-Growth hormone-releasing hormone

a)

GH-RH

b)

GH-IH

c)

MSH-IH

d)

TSH

e)

ACTH

22.

-Inhibits (stops) the pituitary from releasing Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

a)

GH-RH

b)

GH-IH

c)

MSH-IH

d)

TSH

e)

ACTH

23.

-Inhibits (stops) the pituitary from releasing Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) or melanotropin


-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone (MSH-IH)

a)

GH-RH

b)

GH-IH

c)

MSH-IH

d)

TSH

e)

ACTH

24.

-Causes thyroid to release thyroid hormones


-Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin

a)

GH-RH

b)

GH-IH

c)

MSH-IH

d)

TSH

e)

ACTH

25.

-Causes adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoids

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone or coticotropin

a)

GH-RH

b)

GH-IH

c)

MSH-IH

d)

TSH

e)

ACTH

26.

Regulate the activities of male and female gonads

a)

Gonadotropic hormones

b)

FSH

c)

LH

d)

PRL

e)

GH

27.

-In females: stimulate follicle development and estrogen secretion; In males: stimulates sperm production

-Follicle stimulating hormone or follitropin

a)

Gonadotropic hormones

b)

FSH

c)

LH

d)

PRL

e)

GH

28.

-In females: stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and progestin production – prepare the body for possible pregnancy; In males: stimulates production of androgens (testosterone)

-Luteinizing hormone or lutropin

a)

Gonadotropic hormones

b)

FSH

c)

LH

d)

PRL

e)

GH

29.

-Stimulates the development of the mammary glands, and milk production

-Prolactin or mammotropin

a)

Gonadotropic hormones

b)

FSH

c)

LH

d)

PRL

e)

GH

30.

-Stimulates cell growth, replication and protein synthesis. Stimulates lipid mobilization and catabolism.

-Growth hormone or somatotropin

a)

Gonadotropic hormones

b)

FSH

c)

LH

d)

PRL

e)

GH

31.

-Increase the rate of uptake of amino acids and incorporation into new proteins, stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth

-Somatomedins or Insulin-like growth factors

a)

IGFs

b)

MSH

c)

ADH

d)

OT

e)

T4

32.

-Stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin

-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone or melanotropin

a)

IGFs

b)

MSH

c)

ADH

d)

OT

e)

T4

33.

-Reduce water excretion, vasoconstricter (constrict peripheral blood vessels); elevate blood volume and pressure

-Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin or arginine

a)

IGFs

b)

MSH

c)

ADH

d)

OT

e)

T4

34.

-In women: promotes the ejection of milk, labor contractions and delivery. In males: contractions of ductus deferens and prostate

- Oxyotocin

a)

IGFs

b)

MSH

c)

ADH

d)

OT

e)

T4

35.

-Speed up the Kreb’s cycle; increase: protein synthesis, oxygen consumption, growth; stimulates development of the nervous system.

-Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

a)

IGFs

b)

MSH

c)

ADH

d)

OT

e)

T4 and T3

36.

-Decrease Ca2+ concentrations in the body

-Calcitonin

a)

CT

b)

PTH

c)

thymosin

d)

MC (aldosterone)

e)

GC (cortisol)

37.

-Increases the Ca2+ concentrations in the body

-Parathyroid hormone or parathormone

a)

CT

b)

PTH

c)

thymosin

d)

MC (aldosterone)

e)

GC (cortisol)

38.

Stimulate development and maturation of immune response.

a)

CT

b)

PTH

c)

thymosin

d)

MC (aldosterone)

e)

GC (cortisol)

39.

-Regulates electrolyte composition of bodily fluids

•Stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions

- Mineralcorticoids

a)

CT

b)

PTH

c)

thymosin

d)

MC (aldosterone)

e)

GC (cortisol)

40.

-Accelerate glucose synthesis and

glycogen formation; glucose-sparing effect; anti-inflammatory effect; release amino acids from skeletal muscles

a)

CT

b)

PTH

c)

thymosin

d)

MC (aldosterone)

e)

GC (cortisol, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, cortisone)

41.

-Increase: blood glucose, blood glycerol, fatty acids, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate

-Epinephrine

a)

E

b)

NE

c)

Calcitriol

d)

EPO

e)

Renin

42.

-Increase: blood glucose, blood glycerol, fatty acids, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate

-Norepinephrine

a)

E

b)

NE

c)

Calcitriol

d)

EPO

e)

Renin

43.

Stimulate calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43-) ion absorption in digestive tract

a)

E

b)

NE

c)

Calcitriol

d)

EPO

e)

Renin

44.

-Stimulate the production of red blood cells

-Erythropoietin

a)

E

b)

NE

c)

Calcitriol

d)

EPO

e)

Renin

45.

Converts

angiotensinogen --> angiotensin I

a)

E

b)

NE

c)

Calcitriol

d)

EPO

e)

Renin

46.

Involved in renin-angiotensin

a)

angiotensinogen

b)

Angiotensin I

c)

ACE

d)

Angiotensin II

e)

ANP

47.

Involved in renin-angiotensin system

a)

angiotensinogen

b)

Angiotensin I

c)

ACE

d)

Angiotensin II

e)

ANP

48.

-Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

-Angtiotensin-converting enzyme

a)

angiotensinogen

b)

Angiotensin I

c)

ACE

d)

Angiotensin II

e)

ANP

49.

Stimulates: adrenal production of aldosterone, pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a)

angiotensinogen

b)

Angiotensin I

c)

ACE

d)

Angiotensin II

e)

ANP

50.

-Promotes the loss of Na+ and water; inhibits the secretion of renin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone; suppresses thirst; blocks actions of angiotensin II or norepinephrine on arterioles

-Atrial natriuretic peptide

a)

angiotensinogen

b)

Angiotensin I

c)

ACE

d)

Angiotensin II

e)

ANP

51.

Increases blood glucose by—stimulating: glycogen breakdown, triglyceride breakdown, glucose production

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Somatosin

d)

PP

e)

Androgen

52.

Lowers blood glucose by—accelerating: glucose uptake, glucose utilization and enhanced ATP production; stimulating: glycogen formation, amino acid absorption and protein synthesis, triglyceride formation

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Somatosin

d)

PP

e)

Androgen

53.

Suppresses glucagon and insulin release; slows food absorption rates and enzyme production

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Somatosin

d)

PP

e)

Androgen

54.

-Inhibits gallbladder contractions, regulate some pancreatic enzyme production

-Pancreatic polypeptide

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Somatosin

d)

PP

e)

Androgen

55.

-Production of functional sperm; maintain secretory glands of male reproductive tract; stimulates: growth, protein synthesis and muscle growth; determine male secondary sexual characteristics; produce aggressive behavioral responses

-steroid sex hormones

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Somatosin

d)

PP

e)

Androgen (Testosterone)

56.

Inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or follitropin

a)

inhibin

b)

estrogen(estradiol)

c)

progestin (progesterone)

d)

relaxin

e)

melatonin

57.

-Steroid hormone that support the maturation of oocytes, female secondary sexual characteristics, associated behaviors; and stimulate the growth of uterine lining

a)

inhibin

b)

estrogen(estradiol)

c)

progestin (progesterone)

d)

relaxin

e)

melatonin

58.

Prepare the uterus for the embryo, accelerate the movement of the oocyte or embryo, enlargement of the mammary glands

a)

inhibin

b)

estrogen(estradiol)

c)

progestin (progesterone)

d)

relaxin

e)

melatonin

59.

Loosen the pubic symphysis, permit expansion of the cervix and vagina during delivery, stimulates development of the mammary glands

a)

inhibin

b)

estrogen(estradiol)

c)

progestin (progesterone)

d)

relaxin

e)

melatonin

60.

Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs by reducing the GnRH secretion rate; very effective antioxidant – protect the body from free radicals; establish daily circadian rhythms

a)

inhibin

b)

estrogen(estradiol)

c)

progestin (progesterone)

d)

relaxin

e)

melatonin

61.

Within the ________ hormones may circulate ______ or they may be bound to _______ carrier proteins. ____ hormones are rapidly _________ from circulation

(a)  

62.

Endocrine reflexes

a)

are the functional counterparts of neural reflexes.

b)

are the functional counterparts of physical reflexes.

c)

are the action counterparts of neural reflexes.

d)

are the action counterparts of physical reflexes.

63.

Resistance phase definition

a)

- an immediate response, “fight or flight”, directed by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

b)

- eventual breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

c)

-when a stress lasts longer than a few hours, glucocorticoids are the dominant hormones

64.

Characteristics of alarm phase

a)

increased mental alertness

b)

increased energy consumption

c)

mobilization of energy reserves

d)

decreased energy consumption

e)

mobilization of protein reserves

65.

Characteristics of alarm phase

a)

increased blood flow to skeletal muscles

b)

decreased blood flow to skin, kidneys, and digestive organs

c)

drastic reduction in digestive and urine production

d)

increased blood flow to skin, kidneys, and digestive organs

e)

drastic reduction in digestive and skeletal production

66.

Characteristics of alarm phase

a)

increased sweat gland secretion

b)

increased blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate

c)

decreased sweat gland secretion

d)

decreased blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate

67.

Three groups (based on chemical structure)

a)

Amino acid derivatives

b)

Steroid hormones

c)

Peptide hormones,

d)

Cortisol derivatives

e)

Lipid derivatives

68.

-two groups, ex.- steroid hormones, eicosanoids

a)

Amino acid derivatives

b)

Peptide hormones

c)

Lipid derivatives

69.

- structurally similar to amino acids


ex.- epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, thyroid hormones, melatonin

a)

Amino acid derivatives

b)

Peptide hormones

c)

Lipid derivatives

70.

-chains of amino acids, two groups


ex.- shorter chain polypeptides and small proteins: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin, growth hormone, prolactin; large glycoproteins: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteininzing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

a)

Amino acid derivatives

b)

Peptide hormones

c)

Lipid derivatives

71.

Based on the location of the receptor proteins, hormones can be grouped in three categories

a)

The receptor proteins are located within the nucleus of the target cells

b)

The receptor proteins are located within the cytoplasm of the target cell

c)

The receptor proteins are located on the outer surface of the target cell membrane

d)

The receptor proteins are located within the neuron of the target cells

e)

The receptor proteins are located on the inner surface of the target cell membrane

72.

Parathyroid gland

There are two cell types:

a)

Chief cells

b)

Oxyphils

c)

C cells

d)

Target cells

73.

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), the chief cells monitor the concentration of calcium ions. When the Ca2+ concentration is below normal, the chief cells will secrete (PTH)

a)

Chief cells

b)

Oxyphils

74.

functions is unknown

a)

Chief cells

b)

Oxyphils

75.

Simple endocrine reflex

a)

- involve only one hormone

b)

involve one or more intermediary steps and two or more hormones. ex.- hypothalamus

76.

More-complex endocrine reflexes

a)

- involve only one hormone

b)

involve one or more intermediary steps and two or more hormones. ex.- hypothalamus

77.

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

a)

derived form the endoderm

b)

derived from the ectoderm

78.

Posterior pituitary or Neurohypophysis

a)

derived form the endoderm

b)

derived from the ectoderm

79.

Hypophyseal Portal System

a)

the hypophyseal portal system is unusual because the capillary network carries blood to another capillary network.

b)

arteries > capillary network > vein.

c)

The hypophyseal portal system ensures that all the blood entering the portal vessels will reach the intended target cells before it returns to the general circulation

d)

capillary network arteries > arteries > vein.

e)

the hypophyseal portal system is unusual because the capillary network carries blood to another artery network.

80.

T3 and T4 function(s):

a)

increases the rate of energy release from carbohydrates, i.e. it speeds up the Kreb’s cycle. called a calorigenic effect - enables us to adapt to cold temperatures

b)

increases the rate of protein synthesis

c)

stimulates the development of the nervous system

d)

stimulates the development of the endocrine system

e)

decreases the rate of protein synthesis

81.

Zona reticularis

a)

- the endocrine cells in this zone form a folded, branching network , blood vessels wind between the cells.

b)

-the endocrine cells in this zone form individual cords composed of stacked cells. Adjacent cords are separated by flattened blood vessels.

c)

the endocrine cells in this zone form small, dense knots or clusters.

82.

Zona fasciculata

a)

- the endocrine cells in this zone form a folded, branching network , blood vessels wind between the cells.

b)

-the endocrine cells in this zone form individual cords composed of stacked cells. Adjacent cords are separated by flattened blood vessels.

c)

the endocrine cells in this zone form small, dense knots or clusters.

83.

Zona glomerulosa

a)

- the endocrine cells in this zone form a folded, branching network , blood vessels wind between the cells.

b)

-the endocrine cells in this zone form individual cords composed of stacked cells. Adjacent cords are separated by flattened blood vessels.

c)

the endocrine cells in this zone form small, dense knots or clusters.

84.

Pancreatic islets has four cell types

a)

Alpha Cells

b)

Beta Cells

c)

Delta Cells

d)

F Cells

e)

C Cells

85.

secrete glucagon

a)

Alpha Cells

b)

Beta Cells

c)

Delta Cells

d)

F Cells

86.

secrete insulin

a)

Alpha Cells

b)

Beta Cells

c)

Delta Cells

d)

F Cells

87.

- secrete somatosin - a hypothalamic regulatory hormone. Somatosin suppressed glucagon and insulin release, and it also slows food absorption rates and enzyme secretion

a)

Alpha Cells

b)

Beta Cells

c)

Delta Cells

d)

F Cells

88.

secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) - it inhibits gallbladder contractions, and it regulates some pancreatic enzyme production

a)

Alpha Cells

b)

Beta Cells

c)

Delta Cells

d)

F Cells

89.

- the effects will be smaller than those produced by either hormone acting alone

a)

antagonistic (opposing) effects

b)

synergistic (additive) effects

c)

permissive effect

d)

integrative effect

90.

net effects are greater than either hormone acting alone

a)

antagonistic (opposing) effects

b)

synergistic (additive) effects

c)

permissive effect

d)

integrative effect

91.

one hormone is necessary for another to produce its effect

a)

antagonistic (opposing) effects

b)

synergistic (additive) effects

c)

permissive effect

d)

integrative effect

92.

- hormones produce different but complementary results

a)

antagonistic (opposing) effects

b)

synergistic (additive) effects

c)

permissive effect

d)

integrative effect

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