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WorksheetsAP2 Final Review
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 44mins
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To create and secrete hormones that help regulate many aspects of the body
To pump blood throughout the body
To digest food
To transmit nerve impulses
What is the master gland over the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Which endocrine gland secretes T3 and Calcitonin?
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Which organ produces a hormone that regulates glucose levels in the body?
Pancreas
Liver
Kidney
Stomach
What hormone is the regulator of calcium levels?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Insulin
Thyroxine
Adrenaline
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
Insulin
Thyroxine
Adrenaline
What is the importance of cholesterol?
Precursor molecules for steroid hormones (like cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen)
Major component of plasma membranes
Both A and B
None of the above
Which type of hormone is derived from fatty acids?
Eicosanoids
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Amino acid derivatives
What does oxytocin do in women?
Uterine contracts during labor, milk production post birth
Increases blood pressure and heart rate
Stimulates hair growth and skin regeneration
Promotes bone density and muscle strength
Where are receptors for hearing located within the ear?
Cochlea – specifically the organ of Corti
Semicircular canals
Eustachian tube
Auditory ossicles
Which part of the ear is responsible for equilibrium?
Semicircular canals & vestibule
Cochlea
Eustachian tube
Auditory ossicles
Functions of the cardiac system:
To pump blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and to remove waste products like carbon dioxide
To digest food
To transmit nerve impulses
To regulate hormones
Which cell of the heart sets the pace for the heartbeat?
SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
Which of the following carries oxygen-rich blood back into the heart?
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
Aorta
Vena cava
Which component of the heart results in a myocardial infarction called the widow maker?
left anterior descending (LAD) artery
right coronary artery
circumflex artery
pulmonary artery
Which structure was unique to cardiac muscles compared to skeletal muscles?
Intercalated discs
Sarcomeres
Myofibrils
T-tubules
What is the function of the rods?
Provide low light vision
Detect color
Control eye movement
Focus light on the retina
What is the function of the cones?
Color vision and sharp images in bright light
Detecting sound waves
Regulating body temperature
Producing hormones
Which organs are used to detect smell and which ones are for taste? (the collective word for them).
Olfactory organs for smell and Gustatory organs for taste.
Auditory organs for smell and Visual organs for taste.
Respiratory organs for smell and Digestive organs for taste.
Muscular organs for smell and Skeletal organs for taste.
Which muscles help the lens focus?
Ciliary muscle
Rectus muscle
Oblique muscle
Suspensory ligament
Which structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
the iris
the cornea
the lens
the retina
What is the function of blood?
transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; protecting the body from infection and blood loss; and regulating body temperature, pH, and fluid balance, acting as the body's essential delivery and waste removal system
producing energy for muscles and bones; storing vitamins and minerals; and controlling voluntary movements
breaking down food in the stomach; absorbing nutrients in the intestines; and excreting solid waste
sending electrical signals throughout the body; controlling reflexes; and storing genetic information
Where are red blood cells formed?
Red Bone marrow
Liver
Heart
Kidneys
What carries oxygen on a RBC?
Hemoglobin
Chlorophyll
Insulin
Keratin
What hormone creates more RBCs?
Erythropoietin
Insulin
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Which hormones does the heart produce to lower blood pressure?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide – ANP
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Insulin
Immune system function?
Protect the body foreign pathogens
Regulate blood sugar levels
Digest carbohydrates
Control muscle movement
Advantages of adaptive immunity?
Memory Cells: After the first encounter (primary response), it develops memory B and T cells that "remember" the specific invader.
Immediate response to all pathogens without specificity.
Provides only short-term protection and no memory formation.
Acts as a physical barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.
Advantages of innate immunity?
rapid, non-specific response, providing an immediate first line of defense against pathogens. immediate barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and cells (like phagocytes) that prevent pathogens from even entering or spreading in the body
delayed, highly specific response that develops after repeated exposure to the same pathogen
production of antibodies only after several weeks of infection
ability to remember and recognize specific pathogens for faster response in future infections
Where are plasma proteins made?
In the liver
In the kidneys
In the pancreas
In the spleen
Pernicious anemia is caused by inability to absorb _________.
vitamin B 12
iron
vitamin C
calcium
Aplastic anemia is caused by ________ failing to make RBCs.
bone marrow
liver
kidney
spleen
Hemolytic anemia is caused by ________ being destroyed.
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Plasma
Sickle-cell anemia is due to ________ abnormality.
hemoglobin S (HgS)
hemoglobin A (HgA)
hemoglobin F (HgF)
hemoglobin C (HgC)
How do vaccines work with the immune system?
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless antigen exposure
destroying all pathogens directly in the bloodstream
weakening the immune system to prevent overreaction
replacing natural antibodies with synthetic ones
When is the thymus the most active?
childhood
adulthood
old age
infancy
IgA is secreted into ________, ________, ________, and ________.
mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk
blood, lymph, urine, sweat
bile, plasma, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid
pancreatic juice, gastric juice, sweat, urine
IgG provides long term defense against ________.
past infections/vaccinations
allergies
bacterial toxins only
autoimmune diseases
IgD is found on the surface of ________ and acts as ________.
B cells, antigen receptor
T cells, co-stimulatory molecule
Macrophages, phagocytic receptor
Neutrophils, chemotactic receptor
Antibody classes (IgA, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgG): IgM is the first to respond and provides ________ term defense.
short
long
permanent
delayed
IgE triggers ________ and causes ________ associated with allergies.
mast cells, runny nose and eyes
neutrophils, fever and chills
lymphocytes, muscle pain and fatigue
macrophages, swelling and redness
What do macrophages do?
Engulf pathogens (bacteria or viruses), cell debris, or dead cells through phagocytosis
Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens
Transport oxygen throughout the body
Initiate blood clotting by forming platelets
What do natural killer cells do?
Cytotoxic effects towards cancerous and virally infected cells
Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens
Phagocytose bacteria and debris
Release histamine to trigger allergic responses
What do basophils do and when are they seen in higher amounts?
Basophil granules help mediate inflammation due to allergic reactions or allergen exposure
Basophils are primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood
Basophils produce antibodies to fight bacterial infections
Basophils are the main cells involved in blood clotting
What do eosinophils do and when are they seen in higher amounts?
Secretes granules all over the membrane of a parasite to destroy their membrane and kill them
Produce antibodies to fight bacterial infections
Phagocytose red blood cells during anemia
Release histamine to mediate allergic reactions
If you have a viral infection, which WBC is elevated?
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
If you have a bacterial infection, which WBC is elevated?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
What is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic and immune system?
blood filtration, recycles red blood cells
produces insulin for glucose regulation
stores bile for fat digestion
secretes digestive enzymes into the stomach
What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic and immune system?
act as filters for the lymphatic system, trapping harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, while housing immune cells (lymphocytes) that activate and fight infections, serving as key checkpoints for immune responses and clearing waste from body fluids
produce red blood cells and platelets for the circulatory system
store excess glucose and release it as needed for energy
regulate the body's temperature by producing sweat
What is the function of the immune system?
To protect the body against diseases and infections
To help in digestion of food
To control body temperature
To produce energy for the body
What is the function of Peyer's patches in the lymphatic and immune system?
initiating immune responses to pathogens while tolerating beneficial microbes in the small intestines (ileum)
absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
producing digestive enzymes for protein breakdown
regulating blood sugar levels in the pancreas
What is the function of tonsils in the lymphatic and immune system?
acting as a first line of defense by trapping bacteria and viruses that enter through your mouth and nose, triggering immune responses to fight infection by producing antibodies and housing immune cells like T-cells and B-cells
producing digestive enzymes to break down food in the mouth
regulating the amount of oxygen in the blood
filtering waste products from the bloodstream like the kidneys
What is the function of the appendix in the lymphatic and immune system?
immune system support, acting as a "safe house" or "nature reserve" for beneficial gut bacteria, helping to repopulate the gut after illnesses like diarrhea
production of insulin to regulate blood sugar levels
absorption of nutrients from digested food
secretion of digestive enzymes to break down proteins
What is the function of the thymus in the lymphatic and immune system?
to mature T lymphocytes
to filter red blood cells
to produce insulin
to store bile
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
The main function of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange, bringing in oxygen and taking out CO2.
The main function of the respiratory system is to digest food and absorb nutrients.
The main function of the respiratory system is to pump blood throughout the body.
The main function of the respiratory system is to control body movement and coordination.
Name the structures found in the upper respiratory tract.
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Heart, aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary artery.
Name the structures found in the lower respiratory tract.
Trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinuses.
Oral cavity, nasal septum, tonsils, epiglottis.
Nasal conchae, eustachian tube, uvula, soft palate.
The basic control center for breathing is at which structure? What part?
Medulla oblongata and pons.
Cerebellum and thalamus.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Frontal lobe and occipital lobe.
Symptoms associated with tuberculosis infection: What are the symptoms?
Persistent cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and vomiting.
Frequent urination and excessive thirst.
Severe joint pain and skin rashes.
The main site for gas exchange occurs in the?
Alveoli.
Bronchi.
Trachea.
Bronchioles.
What does type I alveolar cells do? What does type II alveolar cells do?
Type I: Permits rapid diffusion of gases across their plasma membranes. Type II: Secretes surfactant, which reduces the surface tension on the alveoli.
Type I: Secretes surfactant, which reduces the surface tension on the alveoli. Type II: Permits rapid diffusion of gases across their plasma membranes.
Type I: Engages in immune defense. Type II: Produces mucus to trap dust and pathogens.
Type I: Produces mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Type II: Engages in immune defense.
What structure aids in coughing up mucus, what destroys this?
Cigarette smoke degrades cilia.
Dust particles degrade alveoli.
Bacteria destroy red blood cells.
Viruses destroy white blood cells.
What is the function of the urinary system?
To create filtrate and urine, to excrete urine and waste.
To digest food and absorb nutrients.
To pump blood throughout the body.
To control body movement and coordination.
Kidney's function?
To filter blood, remove waste, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
To produce insulin for blood sugar regulation.
To aid in the digestion of fats and proteins.
To control voluntary muscle movements.
What is the most fundamental function of the digestive system?
To take food into the body and break it down into its component nutrients so that they can be used by cells.
To circulate blood throughout the body.
To control the body's response to stimuli.
To produce hormones for growth and development.
List any two other functions of the digestive system.
Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, ingesting vitamins and minerals, producing hormones, excreting wastes.
Regulating body temperature, controlling heart rate, producing red blood cells, filtering air.
Transmitting nerve impulses, contracting muscles, storing genetic information, producing antibodies.
Maintaining bone density, synthesizing melanin, regulating vision, controlling reflexes.
What makes the small intestines able to digest nutrients? What structures does it have?
Microvilli and villi.
Cilia and flagella.
Alveoli and bronchioles.
Nephrons and glomeruli.
What role does bacteria play in the large intestines?
Bacteria help with digestion and synthesis of certain vitamins.
Bacteria cause the absorption of all nutrients in the stomach.
Bacteria are responsible for producing insulin in the body.
Bacteria break down red blood cells in the large intestine.
What is the basic structural unit of the kidneys?
Nephron
Alveolus
Neuron
Osteon
What passage does urine take to the bladder and then from the bladder to exit the body?
Kidney --> ureter --> bladder --> urethra
Kidney --> bladder --> ureter --> urethra
Bladder --> kidney --> ureter --> urethra
Ureter --> kidney --> bladder --> urethra
Know the basic order filtrate takes through the nephron.
Afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> proximal tubule --> Nephron loop (loop of Henle) --> Distal tubule --> Collecting duct --> papillary duct
Afferent arteriole --> proximal tubule --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> Nephron loop (loop of Henle) --> Distal tubule --> Collecting duct --> papillary duct
Afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> proximal tubule --> efferent arteriole --> Nephron loop (loop of Henle) --> Distal tubule --> papillary duct --> Collecting duct
Afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> Nephron loop (loop of Henle) --> proximal tubule --> Distal tubule --> Collecting duct --> papillary duct
What does the glomerulus do?
Filters blood plasma to create filtrate. It is the site of filtrate formation.
Produces hormones for blood pressure regulation.
Absorbs nutrients from the filtrate back into the blood.
Stores urine before excretion.
What happens in the Loops of Henle?
reabsorbs water and salts from filtrate
produces red blood cells
breaks down proteins into amino acids
secretes insulin into the blood
Which organ is very active in absorbing water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins?
large intestine
stomach
esophagus
trachea
What helps make vitamins and break down/ferment certain carbohydrates in the large intestine?
Bacteria
Red blood cells
Muscle fibers
Nerve cells
What is the first digestive enzyme that ingested food encounters in saliva?
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Lipase
Trypsin
What is the function of salivary amylase?
It catalyzes the beginning of carbohydrate digestion, breaking down large polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides.
It initiates the digestion of proteins in the stomach.
It emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
It neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.
What is the function of lysozymes in saliva?
Lysozymes catalyze the perforation of bacterial plasma membranes, allowing bacteria-killing substances in the saliva to enter and kill the bacteria.
Lysozymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Lysozymes neutralize acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.
Lysozymes stimulate the production of saliva in the salivary glands.
What is the function of Secretory IgA in saliva?
Secretory IgA binds specific antigens on pathogens and mediates their destruction.
Secretory IgA aids in the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
Secretory IgA is responsible for the production of saliva.
Secretory IgA transports oxygen in the blood.
What is the function of bicarbonate ions in saliva during eating?
Bicarbonate ions neutralize any acid from the stomach that regurgitates into the esophagus.
Bicarbonate ions help in the absorption of proteins in the mouth.
Bicarbonate ions increase the sweetness of food.
Bicarbonate ions break down fats in the mouth.
What sets the rate of peristaltic waves?
Gastric pacemaker cells
Vagus nerve
Smooth muscle fibers
Pancreatic enzymes
What neurotransmitter stimulates saliva?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
What does bile do?
To digest and absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) by emulsifying fats, and to eliminate waste products like cholesterol and bilirubin from the body.
To produce insulin for regulating blood sugar levels.
To filter oxygen from the air and transfer it to the blood.
To break down proteins into amino acids in the stomach.
What does the liver do?
Acts as the body's main filter, processing blood from the stomach and intestines to balance nutrients, detoxify chemicals and waste, and create essential proteins, bile for digestion, and blood clotting factors. It stores energy (glucose as glycogen), vitamins, and iron, while fighting infections and breaking down medications.
Produces insulin and regulates blood sugar directly.
Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.
Absorbs nutrients directly from food and distributes them.
What does the pancreas do?
To produce digestive enzymes (like lipase, amylase, protease) that break down food (fats, carbs, proteins) in the small intestine, and an endocrine function to release hormones (insulin, glucagon) directly into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.
To filter toxins from the blood and produce bile for fat digestion.
To absorb nutrients from digested food and pass them into the bloodstream.
To store and concentrate urine before it is excreted from the body.
Where does more water absorption occur?
Large intestines
Stomach
Esophagus
Mouth
Where does more nutrient absorption occur?
Jejunum in small intestines
Stomach
Esophagus
Large intestine
