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Biology Final Review

Total questions: 115

Worksheet time: 2hrs 14mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
In snapdragons, the combined expression of both alleles for flower color produces a new phenotype that is pink. This is an illustration of incomplete dominance. The diagram below shows that both the white and red snapdragons are homozygous. What would be the correct product from a cross between one heterozygous pink snapdragons and one homozygous red snapdragon?
a)
1 red, 1 pink, 2 white 
b)
1 red, 2 pink, 1 white
c)
2 red, 2 pink, 0 white
d)
2 red, 1 pink, 1 white
2.
You are looking at cells in a microscope. You think they are prokaryotic cells. What structure would be found in these cells if they were prokaryotic? 
a)
nucleus
b)
cell wall
c)
chloroplast
d)
mitochondria
3.
Each body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would normally be present in a gamete produced by the chimpanzee?
a)
24
b)
36
c)
46
d)
96
4.
What process requires the expenditure of cellular energy?
a)
osmosis
b)
diffusion
c)
passive transport
d)
active transport
5.
Which of the following is the most likely benefit of stem cell research?
a)
create an identical twin
b)
identify a suspect of a crime
c)
determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
d)
grow tissues and organs in the lab for organ transplant
6.
The phylogenetic tree shown above indicates the evolutionary relationships between a hypothetical group of modern organisms (labeled 1-5) and their ancestors (labeled A-E).Which two modern organisms are likely to be the most closely related? Use the diagram above to answer this question.
a)
1 and 4
b)
3 and 4
c)
3 and 5
d)
4 and 5
7.
The series of bases that completed this strand of DNA is supposed to be GTAGGC. It ended up being GTAGCC.  This is called
a)
codon
b)
mutation
c)
anticodon
d)
gene
8.
Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization are important processes in meiosis and sexual reproduction. What do these processes have in common?
a)
all three processes reduce the chances for mutations to occur
b)
all three processes decrease the genetic variation of a population
c)
all three processes ensure that offspring are identical to the parents
d)
 all three processes contribute to the genetic variation of a population
9.

A stomach cell has the same exact DNA as your heart cells. Each performs a different job. This is an example of

a)

cellular timing

b)

cellular jobbing

c)

cellular differentiation

d)

cellular communication

10.

What is the biological importance of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

a)

provides chemical energy

b)

creates glucose from light

c)

creates biological proteins

d)

provides mechanical energy

11.
The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy is called ____________.
a)
aerobic respiration
b)
anaerobic respiration
c)
fermentation
d)
photosynthesis
12.
Transport of water molecules across a cell membrane allows cells to maintain stable internal conditions in a ever changing environment.  This stable internal condition is referred to as?
a)
carrying capacity
b)
energy transfer
c)
homoeostasis
d)
molecular equilibrium
13.
One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of these animals most closely resembles the unknown animal? Use the  illustration to answer question.
a)
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-Leu  MOUSE
b)
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asp  DOG 
c)
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thr  CAT 
d)
Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-Asp  HORSE
14.
Energy is released from ATP by  removing 
a)
a photon
b)
an adenosine
c)
a heat molecule 
d)
a phosphate group
15.

Cellular respiration can be described as:

a)

the conversion of the energy stored in food to energy stored in ATP

b)

the conversion of the energy stored in ATP to energy stored in food

c)

the conversion of the energy stored in ATP to energy used to do work

d)

the conversion of the energy of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds

16.
Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to a gene flow between populations?
a)
mutation
b)
migration 
c)
inbreeding
d)
random mating
17.
In a habitat there are red bugs and green bugs. The birds prefer the taste of the red bugs, so soon there are many green bugs and few red bugs. The green bugs reproduce and make more green bugs and eventually there are no more red bugs. This is an example of _____.
a)
mutation 
b)
gene flow 
c)
genetic drift
d)
natural selection
18.
The result of meiosis is that the new cells that are made contain ___________. 
a)
different numbers and completely different types of chromosomes than the parent cell.
b)
double the number of chromosomes than the parent cell
c)
half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
d)
the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
19.
In looking at the diagram above, what are the products of this reaction?
a)
oxygen and carbon dioxide
b)
sugar (glucose) and oxygen
c)
water, carbon dioxide and light energy
d)
water and light energy and sugar (glucose)
20.
As resources in a population become less available, population growth _______________.
a)
increases slowly
b)
reaches carrying capacity 
c)
declines to near extinction 
d)
enters a phase of exponential growth
21.
Which organism would have the largest population?
a)
grass
b)
hawk
c)
mouse
d)
beetle
22.
A grass fire swept through this ecosystem. What would initially happen to the beetle population?  Use the diagram above to help answer the questions.
a)
the population would increase
b)
the population would decrease
c)
 the population would stay the same 
d)
the population would be forced to eat dead mice
23.
Identify the type of cell in the diagram. Use the diagram to answer the question.
a)
plant cell
b)
animal cell
c)
bacterial cell
d)
prokaryotic cell
24.
In the diagram, locate the organelle labeled “A”.  State its structure and function.
a)
lysosome: carrier of protein
b)
vacuole: acts as storage
c)
nucleus: controls the cell
d)
chloroplast: absorbs sunlight
25.
Above is a cladogram missing some of its parts. Use the derived characteristic chart to the right of the cladogram to help you with the following questions. Which term below would make the best label for BOX 2 of the cladogram.
a)
legs
b)
hair
c)
lizard
d)
earthworm
26.
Refer to the illustration above to answer the question.  Which derived characteristic(s) does the lizard have that the trout does not have?
a)
legs
b)
backbone
c)
legs and hair
d)
backbone and leg
27.
This thin layer protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.
a)
cell membrane
b)
cell
c)
cell wall
d)
golgi body
28.
These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
a)
cell membrane
b)
chloroplasts
c)
cell wall
d)
ribosomes
29.
A gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
a)
cell membrane
b)
nucleus
c)
organelle
d)
cytoplasm
30.
Most of the cell's energy is produced within these rod-shaped organelles. This organelle is considered the "powerhouse" of the cell.
a)
ribosomes
b)
mitochondria
c)
vacuole
d)
endoplasmic reticulum
31.
Directs all the cell's activities and contains the cells DNA
a)
mitochondria
b)
chloroplasts
c)
vacuole
d)
nucleus
32.
A part of a cell that carries out a specific function (job) in a cell.
a)
organelle
b)
cell
c)
nucleus
d)
ribosomes
33.
A thin structure that enables many small cells like bacteria to swim.
a)
Cytoplasm
b)
Flagella
c)
Phospholipid Bilayer
d)
Cell Theory
34.
Organelle that captures sunlight and changes it into usable energy, only in plant cells
a)
Cell Wall
b)
Chloroplast
c)
Lysosome
d)
Mitochondria
35.
A supporting structures in the cytoplasm of many living cells giving them shape.
a)
Cell wall
b)
Cytoskeleton
c)
Chloroplast
d)
Mitochondria
36.
Which is a structure common to all cells?
a)
endoplasmic reticulum
b)
nucleus
c)
mitocondria
d)
cell membrane
37.
How are chloroplasts and mitochondria similar?
a)
They can both use energy from sunlight
b)
They look similar
c)
They both found in animal cells
d)
They both release energy
38.
The basic unit of structure and function in a living things.
a)
chloroplast
b)
nucleus
c)
cell
d)
cell membrane
39.
Short, numerous projections on the outside of the cell that look like hairs
a)
flagella
b)
cilia
c)
actin filament
d)
microtubules
40.
What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
a)
The strongest layer of a cell
b)
One of the most important cell organelles
c)
A molecule that contains the genetic information (instructions for living things)
d)
A molecule that breaks down food to release energy
41.
A wall around the cell that provides support and protects the cell, only in plant cells
a)
Mitochondria
b)
Chloroplast
c)
Cell Wall
d)
Cell membrane
42.
A characteristic of the cell membrane allows some substances (selects) to pass through (permeate) while keeping others out
a)
Fluid Mosaic Model
b)
Cell Nucleus
c)
Selectively permeable
d)
Cell wall
43.
Which is bigger a cell or an atom?
a)
It depends on the type of atom
b)
an atom
c)
a cell
d)
They are the same size
44.
How do we get the glucose we need to power our cells?
a)
drinking water
b)
absorbing sunlight
c)
eating
d)
exercising
45.
ATP __________.
a)
is only used by plants
b)
is essential for a cell to perform all tasks necessary for life. 
c)
is found only in bacteria
d)
all of the above
46.
Why are plants called producers?
a)
Plants grow fast
b)
Plants need water to grow
c)
plants produce their own food
d)
plants are produced by farmers
47.
The process of changing the sun’s light energy into chemical energy is called ______________.
a)
respiration
b)
ATP
c)
photosynthesis
d)
eating
48.
The process of releasing energy to be used by a cell, it is called _______________.
a)
anaerobic
b)
photosynthesis
c)
cellular respiration
d)
aerobic
49.
If you eat other plants and animals to get your energy, you are called a ___________.
a)
producer
b)
decomposer
c)
detritus
d)
consumer
50.
If you eat only animals (meat), you are a ______________.
a)
herbivore
b)
omnivore
c)
carnivore
d)
animavore
51.
An animal that lives by killing and eating other animals is a _______________.
a)
prey
b)
predator
c)
worm
d)
theory
52.
A plant organelle that uses sunlight to make energy for the cell is called a _________?
a)
vacuole
b)
chloroplast
c)
mitochondria
d)
mitosis
53.
All of the chemical reactions in an organism's cells are called ___________.
a)
chemotrophy
b)
metabolism
c)
thermodynamics
d)
autotrophy
54.
The waste product of photosynthesis that is a gas is _______.
a)
nitrogen
b)
carbon dioxide.
c)
water
d)
oxygen
55.
Plants and animals both perform cellular respiration.         
a)
True
b)
False
56.
Based on the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the original source of energy for all living things on earth is ________________.
a)
carbohydrates
b)
water
c)
carbon dioxide
d)
the sun
57.
What would happen if a plant could not produce glucose?
a)
it would not be green
b)
it would not have leaves
c)
it would not absorb energy from the sun
d)
it could not grow or survive
58.
Why are plants called producers?
a)
Plants grow fast
b)
Plants need water to grow
c)
Plants produce their own food
d)
Plants are produced by farmers
59.
Heterotrophs are organisms that ___________.
a)
produce food from inorganic molecules and sunlight
b)
survive without energy
c)
consume (eat) other organisms for energy
d)
carry out either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
60.
Which of the following is an autotroph?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
61.
As a result of photosynthesis ___________.
a)
The air has oxygen (O2) in it
b)
All animals can live on eating only plants
c)
plants convert chlorophyll into protein channels
d)
abundant quantities of carbon dioxide are available to fuel the Calvin Cycle
62.
When cells break down food molecules, energy _______________.
a)
is released
b)
is destroyed
c)
changes into matter
d)
causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules
63.

In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

a)
b)
c)
d)
64.

Which happens during cytokinesis?

a)

Binary fission takes place

b)

DNA duplicates

c)

The cells stops working

d)

THe cytoplasm pinches and divides the cell

65.
The phase in mitosis where chromosomes move away and are pulled apart by spindles to opposite sides of the cell.
a)
prophase
b)
anaphase
c)
metaphase
d)
telephase
66.

In what stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its life?

a)

Cytokinesis

b)

Anaphase

c)

Interphase

d)

Prophase

67.

Fruit fly body cells have 8 chromosomes. After mitosis, you would expect a resulting fruit fly daughter cell to have -

a)

16 chromosomes.

b)

46 chromosomes.

c)

8 chromosomes.

d)

4 chromosomes.

68.

Where does a cell contain it's genetic material (DNA)?

a)

nucleus

b)

nucleolus

c)

cytoskeleton

d)

golgi

69.
The dark "spider" looking things on opposite sides of the cell are called "Spindle Fibers".  What is their job?
a)
Eating the chromosomes
b)
Pulling the chromosomes apart
c)
Putting the chromosomes together
70.

Cells of a living thing need to divide for __________.

a)

growth

b)

repair of damaged cells

c)

replacement of dying cells.

d)

All of the above

71.
Before cells can divide, what must be copied?
a)
mitochondria
b)
cytoplasm
c)
DNA
d)
Cell Wall
72.

Mitosis is ________.

a)

dividing of cytoplasm

b)

what only occurs in prokaryotic cells

c)

the process of the cell dividing to form two identical daughter cells

d)

performing normal functions of the cell

73.

What can limit the size of a cell?

a)

frequency of the cell cycle

b)

maximum rate of cell mitosis

c)

nutrient and energy levels

d)

the ratio of surface area to volume

74.

What is cancer?

a)

The name of a unicellular organism

b)

A part of the normal cell cycle

c)

A type of medicine

d)

Uncontrolled cell growth

75.

How can apoptosis be defined?

a)

cell growth

b)

complete mitosis

c)

programmed cell death

d)

incomplete mitosis

76.

Unspecialized human cells are called ____________.

a)

cougar cells

b)

stem cells

c)

cancer cells

d)

mitotic cells

77.

G1 stage of Interphase is the beginning of the ____________.

a)

cell cycle

b)

protein cycle

c)

process of cytokinesis

d)

process of mitosis

78.

When mitosis is complete, what has been formed?

a)

they are all mixed up

b)

two new sister cells with different chromosomes

c)

two new daughter cells with identical chromosomes

d)

two new sister chromatids

79.

How does the number of chromosomes in gametes (sex cells) compare with the number of chromosomes in all other cells?

a)

Gametes have twice as many chromosomes

b)

Gametes have 1/4 the number of chromosomes

c)

Gametes have 1/2 the number of chromosomes

d)

Gametes have twice as many chromosomes

80.

One cat has a heterozygous genotype, black fur (Bb), and its mate has a homozygous genotype grey fur (bb). Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their offspring having grey fur.

a)

100%

b)

25%

c)

50%

d)

75%

81.

Which of the following results in creating genetic recombination (creates variation in the gametes from meiosis)?

a)

alleles

b)

crossing over

c)

genes

d)

hybrid crosses

82.

What is formed as a result of mitosis?

a)

four genetically different cells

b)

four genetically identical cells

c)

two genetically different cells

d)

two genetically identical cells

83.

What is the probability that a cross between a heterozygous yellow pea plant and a green pea plant will produce green offspring?

a)

1:1

b)

1:2

c)

1:8

d)

1:4

84.

Which summarizes the genetic research completed by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel?

a)

After years of research, Mendel identified the genes for flower colors.

b)

Mendel bred various dog breeds to discover the science of genetics.

c)

Mendel hypothesized that the offspring of pea plant traits are inherited.

d)

Using Punnett squares, Mendel developed the principles of genetics.

85.

Diploid cells (2n) contain twice the number of chromosomes as do _________.

a)

synapse

b)

zygote

c)

gametes

d)

protein molecule

86.

The observable expression of an allele pair is called the _________.

a)

recessive gene

b)

genotype

c)

phenotype

d)

monohybrid cross

87.

Meiosis produces _______ in gametes.

a)

enzymes

b)

zygotes

c)

genetic variation

d)

forty-six chromosomes

88.

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

a)

23

b)

14

c)

It is unknown

d)

It depends on the human

89.

In a certain species of plant, the color blue (P) is dominant and the color white (p) is recessive. According to the Punnett Square, what is the probability of an offspring being white? (PP x pp)

a)

100%

b)

25%

c)

0%

d)

75%

90.

The process by which haploid gametes (egg cell and sperm cell) combine is called ____.

a)

interphase

b)

fertilization

c)

genetic variation

d)

synapsis

91.

What does the TT represent in this Punnett square?

a)

a genotype consisting of two dominant alleles

b)

a heterozygous trait

c)

a single allele

d)

a genotype consisting of two recessive alleles

92.

What is the name of a genotype that is represented by two capital letters? (for example, TT)

a)

heterozygous

b)

homozygous dominant

c)

homozygous recessive

d)

phenotype

93.

In individuals with a heterozygous genotype, the _________ allele of a trait is hidden (masked) by the expression of the other phenotype.

a)

recessive

b)

genotypes

c)

trait

d)

inherited

94.

In peas, both male and female sex cells, which are called __________, are in the same flower.

a)

gametes

b)

trait

c)

recessive

d)

inherited

95.

Mendel studied only one ___________ at a time and analyzed his data mathematically.

a)

trait

b)

living thing

c)

genotype

d)

gamete

96.

In plants tall is dominant (T) and short is recessive (t).

Complete the following Punnett Square for a cross between a homozygous dominant (TT) plant and a heterozygous plant (Tt). What percentage of the offspring would be tall?

a)

100%

b)

25%

c)

50%

d)

0%

97.

Which of the following describes a population?

a)

the wild dogs and cats that live in the city

b)

four different species of fish living in a pond

c)

a group of Canadian Geese living in a pond on Shanley Dr.

d)

roses and sun flowers in a garden

98.

Variation in a population is caused by _________.

a)

mutations only

b)

recombination of genes as a result of sexual reproduction

c)

phenotypes changing more quickly than genotypes

d)

None of the above

99.

______________ was a naturalist who presented natural selection as a driving force behind evolution.

a)

Gregor Mendel

b)

Louis Pasteur

c)

Charles Darwin

d)

Shah Rukh Khan

100.

Which of the following conditions can influence the rate at which evolution takes place?

a)

genetic drift

b)

nonrandom mating

c)

migration

d)

All of the above

101.

Gene flow describes the ________.

a)

movement of genes from one generation to the next

b)

movement of genes from one population to another

c)

exchange of genes during recombination

d)

movement of genes within a population because of interbreeding

102.

Selection that splits a population into two groups

a)

directional selection

b)

disruptive selection

c)

polygenic selection

d)

stabilizing selection

103.

Speciation can occur as a result of geographic isolation because _________.

a)

members of a species can no longer find mates

b)

populations that live in different environments may be exposed to different selection pressures

c)

exchange of genes during recombination

d)

movement of genes within a population because of interbreeding

104.

The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate is known as ______.

a)

gradualism

b)

slow motion

c)

natural selection

d)

adaptation

105.

Speciation that occurs over relatively short periods of time, followed by long periods of little or no change ___.

a)

directional evolution

b)

directional equilibrium

c)

punctuated equilibrium

d)

punctuated evolution

106.

Darwin referred to the process of promoting certain traits by selective breeding members with those traits as ___________.

a)

gradualism

b)

ancestral breeding

c)

artificial selection

d)

vestigial structures

107.

Which statement is true regarding evolution?

a)

It describes changes over many generations

b)

It is the same as natural selection.

c)

It only involves artificial selection.

d)

It occurs within a single generation of students.

108.

The dolphin and the shark are similar because they have

Both adapted to a marine (ocean) environment and they both have a similar body shape but they do not share a recent common ancestor. This is known as ___________.

a)

coevolution

b)

ancestral breeding

c)

artificial selection

d)

convergent evolution

109.

_______________ occurs when a population declines to a very small number then goes back up but results in a permanent loss of genetic diversity in the population (example: the Cheetah population)

a)

coevolution

b)

bottleneck

c)

archaeopteryz

d)

mutation

110.

The fossil of ___________ is an example of an Intermediate species providing evidence

that dinosaurs are the ancestors of birds.

a)

gradualism

b)

Archaeopteryx

c)

H.M.S. Beagle

d)

vestigial structure

111.

The reduced functionless hind leg bones in some whale species and the wings of the flightless bird called the Kiwi are

both an example of _____________________.

a)

vestigial structure

b)

bottleneck

c)

allopatric speciation

d)

genetic drift

112.

A ____________________ is a mistake in the DNA which can lead to an increase in the genetic variation in a population.

a)

mutation

b)

vestigial structure

c)

coevolution

d)

gradualism

113.

The great variety of dog breeds is a result of humans selecting and breeding dogs together with the desired trait over many generations is an example of ____________________.

a)

sexual selection

b)

artificial selection

c)

gradualism

d)

mutation

114.

Some moth and flower species have evolved so that they depend on each other in a relationship in which they both

benefit, this is called _________________.

a)

gradualism

b)

Archaeopteryx

c)

bottleneck

d)

coevolution

115.

The name of the ship in which Darwin sailed in 1826 was the ____________.

a)

H.M.S. Bottleneck

b)

H.M.S. Beagle

c)

The Mutant

d)

H.M.S. Tiger

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