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Worksheets7th Final Review
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Which change of state takes place when magma turns into igneous rock?
gas to solid
solid to gas
solid to liquid
liquid to solid
Which properties describe all matter?
having volume and charge
having mass and taking up space
having atoms and taking up space
having molecules and temperature
When a volcano erupts, ash can enter Earth’s atmosphere. Eventually, the ash falls back down to Earth’s surface. Which term describes the falling of volcanic ash to Earth’s surface?
erosion
deposition
subsidence
weathering
A scientist rubs an unknown mineral against samples of calcite and apatite. The mineral leaves a scratch
on both samples. Which of the following is the unknown mineral?
apatite
calcite
fluorite
gypsum
The diagram below shows a large region of Earth’s crust.
Which type of rock is forming deep below the surface?
intrusive igneous rock
extrusive igneous rock
foliated metamorphic rock
chemical sedimentary rock
Conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone are all examples of sedimentary rocks. What do each of these rocks have in common?
They are all clastic sedimentary rocks.
They are all organic sedimentary rocks.
They are all foliated sedimentary rocks.
They are all chemical sedimentary rocks.
Rocks of all types can be classified according to their texture. Which of the following correctly describes texture?
It describes the sizes, shapes, and colors of the grains that make up the rock.
It describes the sizes, shapes, and densities of the grains that make up the rock.
It describes the sizes, shapes, and positions of the grains that make up the rock.
It describes the sizes, shapes, and compositions of the grains that make up the rock.
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between a mineral and a rock?
Rock can be made of inorganic material, but minerals are always organic.
Rocks are made of naturally occurring material, but minerals can be synthetic.
Rocks are made of crystalline material, but minerals are always noncrystalline.
Rock can be made of noncrystalline material, but minerals are always crystals.
Which term should replace the question mark?
cooling
melting
deposition
weathering
Which of the following correctly describes how the two tectonic plates are moving?
One plate is sinking under the other.
They are moving toward each other.
They are moving away from each other.
One plate is falling and the other is rising.
Rocks are always a part of the rock cycle, even though they may stay in one part of it for millions of years. Which part of the rock cycle helps form igneous rock, but not other types of rock?
erosion
melting
deposition
metamorphism
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. As the magma cools, minerals form. What effect will the rate at which the magma cools have on the texture of the igneous rock?
the faster the magma cools, the smaller the crystals in the rock will be
the slower the magma cools, the smaller the crystals in the rock will be
the faster the magma cools, the more foliated the rock’s texture will be
the slower the magma cools, the more foliated the rock’s texture will be
Derrick started to create a flow chart to show how one kind of rock can change into metamorphic rock. Which of these rock types could Derrick include in the top box?
igneous rock only
sedimentary rock only
either igneous rock or sedimentary rock
neither igneous rock nor sedimentary rock
What makes native elements different from other nonsilicate minerals?
Native elements contain sulfur compounds.
Native elements contain silicon compounds.
Native elements contain oxygen compounds.
Native elements are composed of only one element.
A student is testing a mineral in science class. What property of the mineral is being tested?
cleavage
color
luster
streak
Slate is a metamorphic rock that forms from shale, which is a sedimentary rock. Which of the following would be needed for shale to form from slate?
increased heat
increased pressure
erosion and deposition
melting and solidification
Minerals make up most of the rocks on Earth's surface. What are three changes that can cause minerals to form by metamorphism?
pressure, temperature, melting
pressure, physical makeup, melting
temperature, melting, physical makeup
temperature, pressure, chemical makeup
The diagram below shows a river forming a delta as it slows down and enters the sea. As the river slows down, it deposits large amounts of sediment. Which term describes the rock that will eventually form from the sediment?
clastic
organic
foliated
extrusive
Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained rock, and granite is a light-colored, coarse-grained rock. Which of the following correctly explains how each forms?
Basalt forms when lava cools, and granite forms when magma cools.
Basalt forms when magma cools, and granite forms when lava cools.
Basalt forms when lava cools, and granite forms when clasts are cemented.
Basalt forms when clasts are cemented, and granite forms when magma cools.
Which of these phrases defines subsidence?
Earth’s crust rising
Earth’s crust sinking
Earth’s crust shifting sideways
Earth’s crust moving in any direction
Diamond is a valuable mineral that is made up of carbon atoms arranged in a repeating pattern. This repeating pattern gives diamonds their hardness. Which of these characteristics do diamonds share with all minerals?
extreme hardness
rarity and high cost
orderly crystal structure
made up of carbon atoms
Which of the following is a direct source of material for the formation of metamorphic rock?
clasts
magma
sediments
existing rock
The diagram below shows a cross section of a volcano during an eruption. Which term describes the rock that will eventually form on the surface as a result of the eruption?
foliated
intrusive
extrusive
nonfoliated
Over time, repeated cycles of heating and cooling can cause a rock to crack. The rock may then break into smaller pieces. What is this process called?
erosion
deposition
subsidence
weathering
Which physical change takes place when an igneous rock turns into sedimentary rock?
weathering
deformation
pressure increases
temperature decreases
A hot spot is a volcanically active area. A volcanic island can form over a hot spot. Which would you expect to find beneath a hot spot?
a rift zone
a mantle plume
a divergent boundary
a convergent boundary
Which of the following describes magma?
solid rock
molten rock
volcanic ash
volcanic cone
Two types of seismic waves are body waves and surface waves. What is the main difference between body waves and surface waves?
Body waves travel in all directions, and surface waves travel only in one direction.
Surface waves travel in all directions, and body waves travel in only one direction.
Body waves travel outward from the focus, and surface waves travel only on the surface.
Surface waves travel outward from the focus, and body waves travel only on the surface.
Many fault lines are obvious at the surface. How can the epicenter of an earthquake be located miles away from the fault line?
The epicenter is the place of greatest damage, and it can be miles from the site of the earthquake.
The earthquake happened at ta place where there is no fault, so the epicenter is not near a fault line.
Some large earthquakes have more than one epicenter, and these epicenters can be far from the fault line.
The fault line does not extend straight down from the surface, so the focus is not direction beneath the point where the fault reaches the surface.
Volcanic eruptions can have many characteristics. They can be slow, fast, calm, explosive, or a combination of these. Which type of eruption is associated with the release of pyroclastic materials?
a calm eruption
an explosive eruption
a fast eruption
a slow eruption
Which type of volcano has the steepest sides?
shield
composite
pyroclastic
cinder cone
The map shows the epicenter of some major earthquakes of 2003. What is the most likely reason that there were no major earthquakes recorded in the interior of the continent of Africa?
There are no fault lines in Africa.
The landmass of Africa is too large to be affected by earthquakes.
The plate boundary inside Africa is too small to form earthquakes.
No major plate boundaries cut through the continent of Africa.
Which of the following events can produce an earthquake?
the force of tsunamis in the ocean
movement of tectonic plates along a fault
a sudden release of energy from the mantle
the violent shaking of sections of the lithosphere
P waves are also known as pressure waves. Which of the following correctly describes how P waves affect the rock through which they travel?
circular or rolling motion parallel to the direction of travel
side-to-side motion perpendicular to the direction of travel
up-and-down motion perpendicular to the direction of travel
compression and expansion parallel to the direction of travel
Alternation quiet and violent eruptions are associated with which kind of volcano?
shield
composite
pyroclastic
cinder cone
How does distance from the epicenter of an earthquake change the earthquake's effects?
The strongest effects are at the epicenter.
The strongest effects are felt north of the epicenter.
The strongest effects are felt in a line extending north and south from the epicenter.
The strongest effects are in a ring surrounding the epicenter with a radius of several miles.
Why do most earthquakes take place at tectonic plate boundaries?
The rock in the interior of a tectonic plate is stronger, so it does not deform.
Earthquakes take place where the motion of tectonic plates transfers energy to the rock.
Earthquakes can only occur at places where magma can reach the surface and transfer energy to rocks.
Earthquakes take place when one plate moves over another plate, which happens only at plate boundaries.
What happens at a convergent tectonic plate boundary?
One tectonic plate pulls apart into two new plates, forming a rift or ridge.
Two tectonic plates pull away from one another, decreasing rock deformation.
Two tectonic plates collide with one another, causing subduction and/or mountain building.
Two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other along Earth's surface, forming long fault lines.
Which of the following describes the moment magnitude of an earthquake?
the amount of movement along a fault line
the distance from the earthquake's focus
the amount of damage cause to buildings
the distance from the earthquake's center
What is the relationship between magma and lava?
Magma is lava that has reached Earth's surface.
Lava is magma that has reached Earth's surface.
They are both types of solid material that spew out of a volcano.
They are both molten rock found at different depths below Earth's surface.
Volcanic vents are places where magma can erupt onto Earth's surface. Which volcanic feature forms a relatively small depression around a volcano's vent?
crater
fissure
caldera
lava plateau
Which of the following is the correct definition of the term epicenter?
the position on Earth's surface where an earthquake begins
the position along a fault directly below an earthquake's focus
the position below Earth's surface where an earthquake begins
the position on Earth's surface direction above an earthquake's focus
Molten material flows gently out of a fissure on Earth's surface, then cools and hardens. This process happens again and again over geologic time. Eventually what will form on the surface?
caldera
plate boundary
magma chamber
volcanic mountain
The effects of an earthquake depend on many factors, not just the amount of energy released at the focus. Which types of buildings would best be able to withstand the effects of an earthquake?
taller buildings made of steel or wood
shorter buildings made of steel or wood
taller buildings made of brick or concrete
shorter buildings made of brick or concrete
What causes an earthquake to happen?
Surface rocks move suddenly as a result physical stress.
Rocks along an underground fault move suddenly and release energy.
Large amounts of rock suddenly shift downward when large holes form under them.
Energy is transferred to rock layers from convection currents in the oceans and atmosphere.
What can she conclude about the pebbles?
picture represents the basic source of energy for the biosphere?
Imagine that you are a geologist looking at two different folds. You observe that in the first fold, the rocks get younger the farther they are away from the center of the fold. In the second fold you observe that the rocks get older the farther they are away from the center of the fold. Which of the following correctly describes what you observe?
The first fold is a syncline and the second fold is an anticline.
The first fold is an anticline and the second fold is a syncline.
The first fold is a syncline and the second fold is a monocline.
The first fold is an anticline and the second fold is a monocline.
What happens to rocks during deformation?
Rocks become minerals.
Rocks change shape and size.
Rocks change into metal ores.
Rocks change in mineral composition.
The San Andreas Fault in California is a strike-slip fault. Which of these statements best describes a strike-slip fault?
Two fault blocks move in the same direction.
One fault block moves up relative to the other.
One fault block moves down relative to the other.
Two fault blocks move past each other horizontally.
The figure below shows the process of subduction. What happens when the crustal plates move as shown in the figure?
An ocean forms.
Volcanic mountain ranges form.
Sea-floor spreading occurs as the oceanic plate moves.
A transform boundary forms where the subduction occurs.
Tectonic plates can move, as shown in the figure. What does this figure show?
a divergent boundary
a transform boundary
a convergent boundary
a stationary plate boundary
New Mexico geology is dominated by tensional tectonic forces. Based on this information, which two types of mountains would you expect to find in New Mexico?
volcanic and dome
fault block and dome
fault block and folded
volcanic and fault block
Most tectonic plates have both oceanic and continental crust. How are oceanic and continental crust different?
Oceanic crust is thinner and lighter than continental crust.
Oceanic crust is thicker and lighter than continental crust.
Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust.
Oceanic crust is thicker and denser than continental crust.
Which of the following can form as a result of tension caused by tectonic plate movement?
a syncline
an anticline
a folded mountain
a fault-block mountain
What is the primary way that folded mountain are formed?
by tension
by shear stress
by compression
by volcanic activity
Most divergent plate boundaries lie under the world's oceans. Which of the following is a process that occurs at divergent boundaries?
magnetic reversals
recycling of crustal material
formation of continental crust
formation of mid-ocean ridge
Over long periods of time, tectonic forces can cause rocks to fold. What kind of stress causes folding?
tension
shear stress
compression
normal stress
Long ago the eastern part of North America collided with the northern part of Africa during the formation of the supercontinent Pangea. Later, the two continents separated as Pangea broke apart. Which of the following describes what happened when the two continents collided?
Folded mountains formed as a result of tensional stress.
Fault-block mountains formed as a result of tensional stress.
Folded mountains formed as a result of compressional stress.
Fault-block mountains formed as a result of compressional stress.
This diagram shows the formation of fault-block mountains. The arrows show the direction of force. The curving line on the top of each figure depicts a river. What does the letter L represent?
the tension
the footwall
the fault line
the hanging wall
Mantle convection causes tectonic plate motion and is responsible for the slow movement of continents. Which of the following processes causes on tectonic plate to sink beneath another at a subduction zone?
folding
slab pull
ridge push
seafloor spreading
Scientists have identified five physical layers that compose Earth. Which layer is the slow-flowing lower part of the mantle?
outer core
lithosphere
mesosphere
asthenosphere
Tectonic plates can move toward each other and squeeze large blocks of rock together, creating folded mountains. Which of the following terms describes a kind of fold in which the oldest rock layers are in the center of the fold.
syncline
anticline
symmetrical fold
asymmetrical fold
The figure shows three kinds of faults: normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. What kind of movement occurs along a reverse fault?
The footwall moves up.
The hanging wall moves up.
The hanging wall drops down.
The walls move from side to side.
The figure shows the process of subduction. What can you conclude from this figure?
The two tectonic plates are sliding past each other horizontally on Earth's surface.
The two tectonic plates are moving apart to create a mid-ocean ridge on the sea floor.
The two tectonic plates are converging so that a mountain range forms on the continent.
The two tectonic plates are diverging causing the continental plate to buckle and form mountains.
The diagram shows Earth divided into five layers. Scientists divide Earth into these layers based on what properties?
core properties
physical properties
chemical properties
atmospheric properties
Which compositional layer of Earth is the thinnest?
the crust
the mantle
the inner core
the outer core
What are the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the movement of Earth's tectonic plates?
slab pull and sea-floor spreading
mantle convection and continental drift
sea-floor spreading and continental drift
mantle convection, ridge push, and slab pull
Scientists think the continents once formed a large, single landmass that broke apart, and then the continents slowly drifted to their present locations. What is the name given to this hypothesis?
continental rise
continental drift
continental shelf
continental slope
Convection currents in the mantle contribute to tectonic plate movement. What is a convection current?
the transfer of energy by direct contact
the transfer of energy by the movement of matter
the transfer of energy through a solid, such as Earth's crust
the transfer of energy from a region of lower temperature to a region of higher temperature
What happens at a divergent plate boundary?
Two tectonic plates move horizontally past one another.
Two tectonic plates pull away from one another, forming a rift vally or mid-ocean ridge.
Two tectonic plates come together to form one plate.
Two tectonic plates collide and cause subduction.
How is the outer core of Earth different from the inner core?
The outer core is solid, the inner core is liquid.
The outer core is liquid, the inner core is solid.
The outer core is made of nickel, the inner core is made of iron.
The outer core is made of iron, the inner core is made of nickel.
Earth is divided into compositional layers based on chemical composition. Which compositional layer is a hot, convecting layer of rock?
core
plate
crust
mantle
The figure shows three kinds of faults: a normal fault, a reverse fault, and a strike-slip fault. What happens when stress causes a normal fault?
The footwall drops down.
The hanging wall moves up.
The walls move side to side.
The hanging wall drops down.
Madelyn drew a diagram of Earth showing one way that scientists have divided it. She included the core, the mantle, and the crust. She divided her diagram into three layers based on which of the following?
relative density
physical structure
geographical location
chemical composition
A plate boundary is where two tectonic plates meet. There are several types of tectonic plate boundaries. Which statement below shows the correct definition of a tectonic plate boundary?
At a divergent boundary, plates separate.
At a transform boundary, plates move apart.
At a convergent boundary, plates slide past each other.
At a divergent boundary, one plate sinks under another plate.
Imagine you could travel in a straight line through Earth from a point on one side and come out on the other side. What compositional layer would you travel through in the exact center of Earth?
core
crust
lithosphere
mesosphere
