What information does she need to calculate the absolute magnitude of a star?

What characteristic of stars is measured by luminosity?

Which of the stars listed in the table above would look the brightest when observed from Earth?

Which star has the greatest luminosity?

Based on the information in the table, which of these statements is true?

Based on the graph, what conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude?

Based on the graph, a star of which color most likely has the lowest luminosity?

Which of the following units is used to express the size of stars?

Which of the following pairs of terms directly relates to the actual brightness of a star?

Two stars have the same apparent magnitude as seen from Earth’s surface. Star A is 33 ly away. Star B is 346 ly away. Which of the following statements is true?

Ashni is a member of the astronomy club. During a trip to an observatory, the members of the astronomy club observe several different stars. Ashni records information about some of the stars in her journal. Of the following four stars, which star should Ashni label as the hottest?

Linda examined the sizes of several different stars. She listed them in order from smallest to largest. Which of the following stars would Linda list first?

Felix examined several photos of stars. To compare their temperatures, he looked at the colors of the stars. He organized the photos in order from coolest to hottest. Which of these answers shows the correct order?

Based on the information in the table, list the stars from dimmest to brightest when viewed from Earth’s surface.

Which star would appear the dimmest from Earth’s surface?

The sun is massive. It contains 99.8% of the mass in the solar system and is made up of several different elements. Which of these elements makes up about 25% of the mass of the sun?

The sun is massive. It contains 99.8% of the mass in the solar system and is made up of several different elements. Which of these elements makes up about 74% of the mass of the sun?

Scientists have determined that the sun will continue to consume hydrogen in its core for another five billion years or so. After the hydrogen is consumed, what will be the primary fuel?

The sun produces large amounts of energy. By what process does the sun produce energy?

Which arrow shows the part of the sun that rotates the fastest?

How is the rotation of the sun different from the rotation of Earth?

The sun is made up of six different layers. Three of these layers make up the interior of the sun. The remaining three layers make up the sun’s atmosphere. Which is the innermost layer of the sun?

Which layer of the sun is represented by letter T?

Which layer of the Sun is represented by letter X?

Which term best describes the movement of matter due to temperature differences in the sun?

Which letter represents the layer where convection takes place?

One layer of the sun has a temperature of 15,000,000¡C. Here, the high temperature caused by crushing gravity causes hydrogen nuclei to fuse, forming helium nuclei. In which layer of the sun does this process take place?

Which term best describes dark areas on the Sun?

During the sunspot cycle, the number of sunspots rises and falls, and their locations change. What is the length of the sunspot cycle?

Which of these choices best describes what is seen in this picture of the sun?

In what layer of the sun are sunspots found?

With which of these solar layers are solar flares MOST CLOSELY linked?

What information does a star’s spectrum offer about the star?

The layer of the sun that radiates most of the light that reaches Earth is the ____.

The outermost layer of the sun is called the ____.

Which part of the sun lies directly above the visible “surface” of the sun?

The sun’s surface has a grainy texture produced by numerous bright markings called ____.

Streams of electrons and protons that shoot out from the sun’s corona make up the solar ____.

What effect do solar flares have on Earth?

Stars of which color have the highest surface temperature?

A star with a surface temperature between 5000 K and 6000 K appears ____.

Stars of which color have the coolest surface temperature?

A light-year is approximately ____.

Stellar distances are usually expressed in what units?

Which of the following is true about parallax?

The measure of a star’s brightness is called its ____.

Which of the following does NOT affect the apparent brightness of a star?

If star A is farther from Earth than star B, but both stars have the same absolute magnitude, what is true about their apparent magnitude?

Which magnitude would be associated with the brightest star?

The difference in the brightness of two stars with the same surface temperature is attributable to their ____.

A Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram shows the relationship between ____.

About 90 percent of stars on the H-R diagram are ____.

Which main-sequence stars are the most massive?

Which main-sequence stars are the least massive?

According to Figure 25-1, which main-sequence stars are brightest?

According to Figure 25-1, the sun has an absolute magnitude of ____.

Another name for the interstellar matter that will eventually form a star is ____.

A star is said to be born when ____.

Which force is most responsible for the formation of a star?

Massive stars terminate in a brilliant explosion called a ____.

All stars, regardless of size, eventually ____.

In the cores of extremely hot red giants, nuclear reactions convert helium to ____.

Before being engulfed, matter that is pulled into a black hole should become very hot and emit ____.

When a main-sequence star has exhausted the fuel in its core, it becomes a ____.

The sun is a ____.

What is the next stage in the sun’s life cycle?

What will be the final stage in the sun’s life cycle?

Light cannot escape the intense gravitational pull of a ____.

Where is our sun located in the Milky Way?

Star Z has a [blank] luminosity than Star Y and a [blank] surface temperature than Star X.

Compared to the temperature and luminosity of the star Polaris, the star Sirius is

To which star do we compare the luminosity of all other stars?

Which star is hotter than Deneb

What characteristics are used to classify stars?

Which star is brighter than the sun?

True or False: Larger, more massive stars have a LONGER lifespan than smaller less massive stars

At what stage in a star's life are elements heavier than iron formed?

HR diagrams are most useful for

The brightness of a star depends on its:

Which location shows the sun, a star with average temperature and average brightness?

Most of the stars on the HR diagram (90%) are classified as

Energy is produced in the cores of main sequence stars like our sun when