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WorksheetsHonors Bio Practice Final Exam Fall Semester
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Arrange the following from largest to smallest
cell, amino acid, nitrogen atom, proton
amino acid, cell, proton, nitrogen atom
proton, nitrogen atom, amino acid, cell
cell, nitrogen atom, proton, amino acid
How are a theory and a hypothesis different?
a hypothesis has been tested and accepted by the scientific community, based on evidence, and could potentially change in the future
there is no difference... they can be used interchangeably
a theory has been tested and accepted by the scientific community, based on evidence, and could potentially change in the future
a hypothesis is testable and a theory is not
A student wants to test the effect of different types of fertilizers on apple tree growth. What should the control group be in this experiment?
apple trees that receive fertilizer
apple trees that do not receive any fertilizer
the type of soil used for each group
the amount of sunlight each tree is exposed to
A strong hypothesis should contain all of the following except
An "if statement" explaining what will be done in the experiment
A "then statement" explaining what the scientist thinks will occur
A "because statement" explaining why the scientist thinks this will occur based on research and data
all of these should be included in a strong hypothesis
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
there are six kittens
one kitten has a tail that measures 13 cm in length
all of the kittens are either black or black and white
one kitten has only three limbs
A new blood pressure medication is being tested on volunteers in a scientific study. What would the independent and dependent variables be in this study?
IV: patient's blood pressure
DV: blood pressure medication
IV: number of participants in the study
DV: blood pressure medication
IV: the hospital that the study is conducted in
DV: patient's blood pressure
IV: blood pressure medication
DV: patient's blood pressure
A study in conducted to examine if adding coconut oil to a dog's normal food can help reduce arthritis symptoms. What would the control group be in this study?
the dogs receiving the food without coconut oil
the dogs receiving the food with the coconut oil
the type of coconut oil used
the brand of dog food used
A student conducts an experiment to examine what impact changing hours slept, vitamins consumed, and hours spent exercising has on his test scores in biology. What is wrong with this experiment?
nothing
too many independent variables, should only test one at a time
the dependent variable is not able to be calculated
vitamins are considered a "performance enhancing drug" and are banned by schools. Therefore, the experiment is unethical
All of the chemical reactions in an organism (such as building and breaking down molecules) is classified as
equilibrium
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis reactions
metabolism
Which element is able to bond with 4 different atoms, form a variety of different structures, and form single/double/triple bonds?
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
neon
Which is NOT one of the most common elements in biological molecules?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
potassium
which part of the atom is NOT found in the nucleus of it?
electrons
protons
neutrons
Organic compounds (containing carbon) will typically form this type of bond
ionic
hydrogen
covalent
sulfur
Which type of bond transfers electrons?
covalent
ionic
In order for a covalent bond to be considered polar the electrons must
be shared unequally (which results in partial positive and negative charges)
be shared equally (which does not result in partial positive and negative charges)
be transferred completely
not form bonds at all
Bonds that form BETWEEN water molecules as a result of the partial positive and negative charges are called
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
sulfur bonds
peptide bonds
Which types of bonds are found between the nitrogenous based in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)?
ionic bonds
peptide bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of monomer to polymer?
glucose, glycogen
amino acid, protein
nucleotide, RNA
triglyceride, carbohydrate
_____________ is the breakdown of polymers into monomers and ____________ is the formation of polymers from monomers
dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
disulfide bonds, hydrolysis
hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis, peptide bonds
Which biological molecule are the cell membrane channels made out of that allow for facilitated diffusion and active transport?
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
Which biological molecule are enzymes (to help catalyze chemical reactions) made out of?
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
What is the empirical formula (ratio of elements) for carbohydrates?
C1 H2 O1
C2 H1 O2
C1 H2 O2
C2 H1 O1
What is the main energy source for cells?
triglycerides
proteins
glucose
carbon dioxide
The polysaccharide that animals use to store glucose is _________ and the polysaccharide that plants use to store glucose is __________.
starch, cellulose
cellulose, glycogen
starch, cellulose
glycogen, starch
Which is NOT found in the cell membrane?
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
The monomers of proteins are called _________. All 20 of these have the exact same structure except for the "R" group/functional group.
amino acids
nucleic acids
monosaccharides
triglycerides
During protein synthesis amino acids are bonded together by _______ bonds which will form a ________________.
peptide, polypeptide
disulfide, polydisulfide
hydrogen, polygon
ionic, polyionic chain
Many polypeptide chains are added together in the golgi apparatus after they are produced at the ribosome to assemble a larger protein. This level of protein structure is called
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
This lowers activation energy, is substrate-specific, and reusable in multiple reactions.
enzymes
RNA polymerase
hydrogen bonds
cell membrane protein channels
What is the term for when enzymes that are build out of proteins have their shape altered by changes in temperature or pH?
substrate
denaturing
active site
buffer
What does the enzyme bind with in a reaction?
substrate
product
cell membrane
nucleotides
Why won't an enzyme function properly after it has been denatured by extreme conditions?
the shape of the enzyme changes so that it won't fit with the substrate anymore
the extreme conditions allow the reaction to happen normally, but then destroy the products after
the extreme conditions result in too many substrates being produced and the enzymes can't keep up with the demands
none of these
Enzymes are substrate-specific which means
they fit like a lock and key with only specific shapes of substrate
they will work with anything as long as it is a substrate
enzymes can only work to break down larger molecules, but not build them
enzymes can only work to build larger molecules, but not break them down
Every cell contains all of the following EXCEPT
cell membrane
DNA
ribosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
All of the following are found in a plant cell and not an animal cell EXCEPT
mitochondria
chloroplast
cell wall
large central vacuole
Which cell is the plant cell?
round cell on the left
rectangular cell on the right
The cell membrane is primarily constructed out of
phospholipids and proteins
phospholipids and nucleic acids
proteins and carbohydrates
carbohydrates and nucleic acids
In the diagram B represents ______________ which are _____________
phosphate heads, hydrophilic
phosphate heads, hydrophobic
fatty acid tails, hydrophilic
fatty acid tails, hydrophobic
How do materials pass through the membrane in simple diffusion vs. facilitated diffusion?
in simple diffusion they use the protein channels and in facilitated diffusion they use the protein pump
in simple diffusion they fit between gaps in the phospholipid bilayer and in facilitated diffusion they use the protein channels
in simple diffusion they use the protein pumps and in facilitated diffusion fit between gaps in the phospholipid bilayer
none of these are correct
Which types of molecules would have the most difficult time crossing the lipid bilayer?
large, charged molecules
small, uncharged molecules
What are protein channels and protein pumps?
proteins acting as enzymes which aid in digestion
proteins acting as enzymes which aid in the building or larger molecules
transport proteins in the cell membrane
proteins involved in cell to cell recognition
What process is being depicted in the diagram? What structure are the molecules travelling through?
osmosis, protein pump
simple diffusion, protein pump
osmosis, aquaporins
active transport, protein channel
If cells containing 10% sodium are placed in a solution with 20% sodium. What type of solution is this and what would happen?
hypertonic, water would enter the cell
hypotonic, water would enter the cell
hypertonic, water would leave the cell
hypotonic, water would leave the cell
If a cell containing 5% NaCl is placed in an environment that is 5% NaCl. That environment would be described as
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
hydroponic
Which is the only type of transport that moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient)
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
spontaneous transport
active transport
How to cells release waste by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane?
exocytosis
endocytosis
Which organelles are involved with energy conversion?
golgi apparatus and centrioles
spindle fibers and chloroplast
chloroplasts and mitochondria
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Which bond is broken to release the energy stored in ATP (also converts it to ADP)
the bond between the 2nd and 3rd (farthest away from sugar molecule) phosphate group
the bond between the 1st (closest to sugar molecule) and 2nd phosphate
the bond between adenine (C) and sugar (B)
bond between sugar (B) and 1st phosphate group
Reactants of glucose metabolism (cellular respiration) include
oxygen and glucose
carbon dioxide, water, ATP
oxygen and ATP
glucose and water
The second state of glucose metabolism (cellular respiration) is
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Light dependent reactions
Which stage of glucose metabolism (cellular respiration) produces the most ATP?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Calvin Cycle
Which organelle does photosynthesis occur in? (hint: animal cells don't have this organelle)
ribosomes
mitochondria
chloroplast
golgi apparatus
The diagram represents which reaction? (hint: line "A" represents light energy)
cellular respiration
protein synthesis
hydrolysis reaction
photosynthesis
The products of photosynthesis are
glucose and oxygen
carbon dioxide and water
water and glucose
oxygen and water
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related to each other?
the products of one are the reactants of the other (and vice versa)
they both occur exclusively in animal cells
they use the same exact organelle for both processes
none of these
What plays the role of "final electron acceptor" in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?
oxygen
glucose
carbon dioxide
fructose
All of the following pathways are aerobic (require oxygen) EXCEPT
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Which pathway is anerobic (doesn't require oxygen) in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
Krebs Cycle (in mitochondria)
Electron Transport Chain (in mitochondria)
none of these
Which type of cell would you expect to find a higher number of mitochondria?
muscle cell
skin cell
bone cell
nerve cell
What would buildup during breakdown of glucose in an anaerobic environment?
oxygen
water
lactic acid
lactase
______ codes for ___________
DNA, proteins
RNA, DNA
proteins, DNA
DNA, nucleotides
Humans have _____ chromosomes in each of their somatic cells and _______ in their gametes (sperm & egg cells)
23, 46
46, 23
50, 100
100, 50
An RNA nucleotide would consist of a phosphate group as well as
ribose sugar and uracil
deoxyribose sugar and uracil
ribose sugar and thymine
deoxyribose sugar and adenine
If a shellfish has 33% guanine. What also must be true?
It has 33% thymine
It has 33% cytosine
It has 17% cytosine
It has 33% adenine
Which type of nucleic acid contains the nitrogenous base thymine?
rRNA
tRNA
DNA
mRNA
The complementary base pairs of _____________ all DNA to be replicated, transcribed, and translated easily.
sugar phosphate backbone
nitrogenous bases
tRNA
RNA polymerase
What needs to happen before mitosis/cell division occurs?
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Mutations
New DNA is half from the original strand and half from the new strand. This is called _________________
Fully conservative
Semiliberal
Semiconservative
None of these
What is shown in the image?
Protein Synthesis
DNA Transcription
DNA Translation
DNA Replication
Which represents the leading strand in the image?
top strand
bottom strand
In DNA replication...what is true of the new DNA?
It contains only one half of the genetic material that it started with
The new DNA will contain uracil instead of thymine
It is identical to the old strand of DNA
RNA polymerase is used to fill in gaps between Okazaki fragments
Mitosis is used for all of the following EXCEPT
growth and development
repair damage of cells and tissue
a zygote growing into a larger organism
production of gametes (sperm and egg cells)
Cell division consists of two phases. The division of genetic material is _________ and the splitting of the cytoplasm is ___________.
mitosis, cytokinesis
cytokinesis, mitosis
interphase, mitosis
G1 phase, cytokinesis
Hermit crabs have 254 chromosomes in each of their cells. After one cell goes through mitosis how many chromosomes will each of the new cells contain?
127
508
254
46
What happens exclusively during S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
cell growth
protein synthesis
mitosis
Which phase of mitosis is shown here?
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
prophase
Which phase of mitosis is shown here?
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
prophase
How is cancer related to mitosis?
cancerous cells have lost their ability to control their division cycles
they are not related whatsoever
mitosis always results in cancer
mitosis can be used to treat cancer
Transcription and translation together are known as
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
The circle of life
Energy conversion reactions
Which organelle assembles proteins
ribosomes
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
Germinated seeds should test for higher levels of ________ because of the breakdown of _________ that has started to occur.
glucose, starch
starch, glucose
protein, amino acids
amino acids, protein
Which number(s) show the mRNA
3, 5
8
6, 11
1, 4
What is the process called that converts number 3 to number 6 in the diagram?
Transcription
Translation
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
What reads the mRNA code and brings the amino acids to the ribosome (number 8 in the diagram)
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
DNA
Which process uses a strand of DNA to construct a strand of mRNA?
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein synthesis
In what process is the mRNA read by the tRNA to construct a chain of amino acids?
DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Central Dogma
If the DNA sequence is TCA GAT ACT what are the corresponding amino acids? (hint: no start codon here)
Serine - Valine - Stop
Leucine - Valine - Isoleucine
Serine - Leucine - Stop
Glycine - Leucine - Stop
If the codon on the mRNA reads CUC what would the anticodon on the tRNA read?
GAG
GTG
AAU
AUG
If there are 30 amino acids in a polypeptide chain...how many RNA nucleotides coded for those amino acids?
90
30
10
60
Where do polypeptide chains and proteins get sent to be sorted and packaged before leaving the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus
Vacuole
Mitochondria
(Select all that apply) Which mutation to DNA would likely change the most amino acids in a sequence?
insertion of a single nucleotide
deletion of a single nucleotide
substitution of a single nucleotide (not associated with a start or stop codon)
substitution of a single codon
Which is an example of a silent mutation (caused by redundancy in the genetic code)?
CUU --> UUG
AUG --> UGA
AAA --> CGA
CAA --> CAU
What type of mutation has occurred below and which letter is changed?
Original: TAC AGC TCA GCC
Mutated: TAC GCT CAG CC
deletion, second A was deleted
insertion, two Cs were added to the end
deletion, the last G was deleted
substitution, the last A was replaced with a G
Which type of mutation would cause the most changes in an amino acid sequence?
single nucleotide substation (not involved with the start or stop codon)
insertion of a codon
deletion of a codon
frameshift caused by an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide
Which would cause the most problems for a cell?
change in the gene
change in a protein produced
change an mRNA strand
all of these would be equally damaging
All cells in your body
have different copies of DNA based on which type of cell they are
have identical copies of DNA
ALL cells contain all of the following EXCEPT
ribosomes
DNA
cell membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondria
Someone has a problem breaking down waste material in their cells. Which organelle is probably isn't functioning properly?
nucleus
ribosomes
lysosomes
vacuoles
Which is NOT part of cell theory?
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
cells arise from pre-existing cells
every cell contains mitochondria
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
carbon dioxide and water
ATP and carbon dioxide
glucose and water
