When Alexander the Great died without an heir in 323 BCE, his generals divided the empire among themselves. It was at this point that the central state of Persia collapsed and was replaced by multiple competing states. This division occurred within a matter of years.

The fall of Alexander the Great’s Empire can be mostly attributed to what reasons?

What have historians found by comparing the process by which different empires have risen?

Copper must be alloyed with tin to make bronze, an advance that occurred in the Near East around 2800 BCE and created a stronger, better metal than the type used previously. This new technology put tin much in demand.

Looking at the map, what area had the first demand for tin?

How would the Near East have gotten tin to make bronze?

One tin trade route flourished in the first millennium BCE from the tin mines, over the sea, and then down to Greece and beyond. Evidence for this route is provided by the many hill forts that sprung up along the way as trading posts. Historians believe that trade passed both ways up and down this route, as the hill forts provide evidence of exotic artifacts, including coral and gold.

How would the advancement of sea travel effected this trade route?

Egypt enjoyed a massive agricultural benefit from the regular flooding of the Nile River, as well as protection from other civilizations created by the deserts and harsh terrain that surrounded the kingdom.

Above is an example of what construct of civilization?

I.7. If a woman bring her hand against a man, they shall prosecute her; 30 manas of lead shall she pay, 20 blows shall they inflict on her.

I.58. Unless it is forbidden in the tablets, a man may strike his wife, pull her hair, her ear, he may bruise or pierce. He commits no misdeed thereby.

- The Code of the Assura, c. 1075 BCE (The Assyrians)

Above is an example of the political construct of The Assyrians. What other construct did these two codes address?

“Among the greatest affront to Arab sensibilities was the Crusaders’ complete disregard for personal hygiene. Their most noble knights boasted of bathing no more than four times a year; their diet consisted largely of monotonous rations of gruel and whatever else they could forage enroute; medical care frequently involved exorcism or the amputation of afflicted limbs.”

Above is an example of two societies viewing what construct differently?

The distinction which is made between the king and the statesman is as follows: When the government is personal, the ruler is a king; when, according to the rules of the political science, the citizens rule and are ruled in turn, then he is called a statesman. –Aristotle, 350 BCE

What types of government is Aristotle comparing?

One man leads North Korea and controls its government. He also controls its ruling political party. The ruling party chooses candidates for an Assembly, and citizens vote. The candidates do not have opponents, so citizens have no choices.

What type of government does North Korea have?

Saudi Arabia is led by a king. The king appoints a Council of Ministers to help govern, but there are no elections. Saudi Arabia’s Basic Law states that the country’s constitution is the Islamic holy book the Qur’an and other religious traditions. In addition to a monarchy, what other type of government does Saudi Arabia have?

The people of Denmark elect representatives to sit in Parliament, a lawmaking body. The Queen of Denmark heads the country, but she only has a small role in government. The government is led by a Prime Minister, who is appointed from among the elected representatives. In addition to representative democracy, what other type of government does Denmark have?

A most significant development happened at the same time as the Buddhist movement began to spread and that was the opening of a new way through, from India to China. The route was first established by the Chinese, venturing out in search of horses and trade, and it dates back to the second century BC. From that time, it became a regular journey for traders seeking to make a small fortune. In the following centuries, the route fell under control of different political groups, but was always well used until the 15th century AD when sea trade dominated.

Why was this route of particular importance for Buddhism?

Which of the following was not an effect of the establishment of trade routes?

Starting in the 11th century the Europeans attempted to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. To this day Christianity, Judaism, and Islam continue to struggle over ownership of places in the Middle East, such as Jerusalem. This is because these areas are considered to be…

In 1348 the known world came face to face with the Black Death. It was an unprecedented challenge: how would people use religion to face the disease?

Which of the following was NOT a Muslim reaction to the Black Death?

In 1348 the known world came face to face with the Black Death. It was an unprecedented challenge: how would people use religion to face the disease?

Which of the following was NOT a Christian reaction to the Black Death?

One of the primary ways geography affected early civilizations was in determining the location of settlements. Which of the following are examples of how geography affected early civilizations? (You may choose more than one answer.)

The United States Government is based on representative and direct democracy established by what two ancient civilizations?

Psalm 104:5 He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.

What was the significance of the above passage?

Which of the following was unaffected by the Reformation?

Using movable type for printing in Europe led to increased

The Humanism style of Renaissance artists resulted in art that

Which of the following is NOT a key element of art during the Renaissance?

If I have seen further than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants. – Isaac Newton

What did Newton mean by the above statement?

In response to the issues leading to the French Revolution, France established a republican government. What other revolution led to a republican type of government?

One of the largest contributors to conflicts in Europe during the 16th century was:

n 1689 King William and Queen Mary became the monarchs of England. Before they were crowned, they accepted the English Bill of Rights which required the monarchy to work with Parliament to govern the country. The monarchs were required to regularly call on Parliament to meet and lost their power to suspend laws. The responsibility of coordinating the country’s finances and power to tax were given to the lower house of Parliament, known as the House of Commons. This is an example of:

Like King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella before him, King Phillip II of Spain centralized royal power, making all parts of the government responsible to him. He had complete authority over the government and the lives of the people during his reign from 1556 to 1598. He believed that his authority to rule came directly from God. As a result he saw himself as the guardian of the Catholic Church and made it his personal responsibility to defend the Catholic Reformation. He used his control of the Spanish army and navy to impose the Inquisition against Protestants and heretics. Without representation, the small middle class was heavily taxed by Phillip to fund his wars and build the Armada. This an example of:

Natural rights can also be called:

Why was the Catholic Church so hostile to the findings of Copernicus and Galileo?

Which of the following was NOT an element of Renaissance architecture?

What was the biggest change in political boundaries after the American Revolution?

For thousands of years, trade was based on the barter system—the exchanging of goods or services. As nations became powerfully wealthy, new ideas took shape evolving into an economy based on gold or money. This new economy was known as:

What was not a result of the exchange of goods between the Old World and the indigenous people of the New World?

Which of the following was not an effect of the establishment of trade routes?

Historians use a standard shorthand to describe the motives generating the overseas exploration, expansion and conquests that allowed various European countries to rise to world power between 1400 and 1750. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

Cortes also explained the mystery of Baptism. He concluded the lesson by telling them how the Emperor Charles grieved that they were not in God's grace, and how the emperor had sent him among them only to save their souls. He begged them to become willing vassals of the emperor, because that was the will of the pope, in whose name he spoke. -Vision of the Vanquished (The Broken Spears)

Which of the following motives for exploration, expansion and conquests is illustrated above?

The exchange of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World has been called:

What was not a result of the exchange of goods between the Old World and the indigenous people of the New World?

Which of the following was NOT effect of European overseas expansion?

Which of the following was NOT part of the Triangle Trade?

Which of the following was one of the diseases brought to the New World from Europe

Forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas...

What continent were the European explorers searching for when they unexpectedly found the Americans?

And [the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama] told [the Indian ruler of Calicut]…[kings of Portugal] had annually sent out vessels to make discoveries in the direction of India,…not because they sought for gold or silver, for of this they had such abundance that they needed not what was to be found in this country. He further stated that the captains sent out traveled for a year or two, until their provisions were exhausted, and then returned to Portugal…

Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499

Which of the following motives for exploration, expansion and conquests is illustrated above?

I gave them many beautiful and pleasing things, which I had brought with me, for no return whatever, in order to win their affection, and that they might become Christians and inclined to love our King and Queen and Princes and all the people of Spain; and that they might be eager to search for and gather and give to us what they abound in and we greatly need.

Christopher Columbus, letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493

Which of the following motives for exploration, expansion and conquests is illustrated above?

The Spanish “Requisition”- an announcement that the Spanish explorers (conquistadors) read to the Indians when they arrived in a new land. Note: it was read in Spanish, even though the Indians did not speak Spanish.

I implore (beg) you to recognize the Church as a lady and in the name of the Pope take the King as lord of this land and obey his mandates. If you do not do it, I tell you that with the help of God I will enter powerfully against you all. I will make war everywhere and every way I can. I will subject you to the yoke and obedience to the Church and majesty. I will take your women and children and make the slaves… The deaths and injuries that you will receive from here on will be your own fault and not that of his majesty nor of the gentlemen that accompany me.

Which of the following motives for exploration, expansion and conquests is illustrated above?

Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government....

Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence)

The excerpt above illustrates which key Enlightenment idea?

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence)

The excerpt above illustrates which key Enlightenment idea?

Why were European diseases such as smallpox and measles so devastating to the American Indians?

After a journey to Western Europe, Peter the Great decided to modernize Russia. To impose his will he became the most autocratic of Europe’s monarchs, believing that his right to rule as Tsar came from God. He centralized his power and brought all Russians under his control, including the Russian Orthodox Church. Peter forced the most powerful nobles, known as boyars, to serve in either the military or state government. Peasants and serfs were required to become soldiers or work on roads, canals, and other government projects. He improved the technology, education and the military of Russia, but in the process tortured and executed thousands of people who challenged his power from 1682 to 1725. This an example of:

According to the Mandate from Heaven, the right to rule China is granted by Heaven. The Chinese believed that since there was only one Heaven, there could be only one ruler. Chinese emperors that were part of the Han dynasty referred to themselves as Sons of Heaven, and commanded respect from all their subjects.

Chinese law dictated that the emperor’s position could not be challenged by anyone. Emperors handpicked governors and officials in order to centralize their authority and spread their power. Each emperor served as head of state and commander of the army. They chose whether or not to listen to advisors, but had no legislative body to monitor imperial power or prevent abuse.

The example above is:

The age of exploration started primarily because.....

Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, 1651

In this book, he wrote that in the earliest days there was no government. Instead, those who were the strongest could take control and use their power at any time over others. Hobbes' theory was that the people mutually agreed to create a state, only giving it enough power to provide protection of their well-being. However, in Hobbes' theory, once the power was given to the state, the people then relinquished any right to that power.

Second Treatise of Government, John Locke, 1689

He stressed the role of the individual. He also believed that revolution was not just a right but an obligation if the state abused their given power.

Principles of Political Right, Rousseau, 1762

He explained that the government is based on the idea of popular sovereignty. Thus the will of the people as a whole gives power and direction to the state.

The above chart shows the evolution of what Enlightenment concept?

Natural rights can also be called:

Traditionally, a government protected citizens from foreign invaders, but the government also had absolute authority over the people. A king ruled his citizens whether they consented or not. To Enlightenment thinkers, this was unacceptable. Enlightenment thinkers believed that governments had a responsibility to hold up their end of the social contract. If a government failed, then citizens would no longer agree to be governed and they would have the right to revolt.

This idea is known as:

One of the largest contributors to conflicts in Europe during the 16th century was

The need for factory workers and a large population growth cause the population to change:

The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the late 1700’s. Which of the following is NOT a reason it started there?

Which of the following conditions of factory workers is the political cartoon making reference?

What is meant by the term, “bloodless revolution” and how did it apply to the Glorious Revolution?

James I of England strongly believed in…

The Glorious Revolution was a conflict between

The American Revolutionary War was a conflict between…

Which of the following was a major factor that led to the American Revolution?

Which of the following was a major factor that led to the French Revolution?

During the Reign of Terror perhaps over 40,000 citizens of France were executed, who led this brutal act of violence?

Which of the following was a major factor that led to the 13 year long Haitian Revolution led by Francois Toussaint-Louverture?