During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be -

Thymine (T) is replaced by _ in RNA.

In 1953, Watson and Crick were able to propose a model of DNA as a helical molecule with a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside of the molecule. Which of the following earlier discoveries by Rosalind Franklin was most instrumental to this important discovery?

A nucleotide consists of

The function of DNA polymerase is to

What are the main functions of DNA polymerase?

DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the --

Which of the following events occurs directly after a DNA molecule is unzipped?

Which scientist examined DNA using x-ray crystallography?

Combining the work of other scientists with their own research, Watson and Crick discovered that two strands of DNA join together to form a(n)

The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ribose.

The four types of nucleotides that make up DNA are named for their

The process of making new DNA molecules is semiconservative. This means that every new DNA molecule is composed of

During replication, the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase is to

Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA?

The name of the sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of RNA is Deoxyribose.

Which of the following is a true statement in regard to the genetic code?

Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that

The attachment of nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA --

After examining the DNA of different organisms, which of the following did Erwin Chargaff conclude about the four bases?

It has been discovered that the genetic material is protein

When new DNA molecules are formed, almost all errors are detected and fixed by

Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images suggested that the DNA molecule resembled a tightly coiled spring, a shape called a helix.

Heterozygous individuals have two of the same alleles for a particular gene

Two parents have the genotype Gg for a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele. What is the chance that any of their children will inherit the disorder?

Protein Synthesis is made up of two steps: Transcription and _

In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to

During transcription, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule.

Which of the following would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in Figure 1 was made?

(NOTE: The mRNA strand is above the Chart)

Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n)

Refer to the illustration above, FIGURE 1. What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC?

Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)

The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of

The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) _

During transcription,

Figure 8.2 shows a single strand of DNA. Choose the first three nucleotides of the complementary RNA strand.

mRNA is responsible for bringing the message of RNA to DNA.

The codon on a mRNA reads CAG, this translates to the amino acid GLU. Use (Figure 1)

If the nucleotide sequence of codon was AUC, then the DNA triplet would be

Refer to the illustration above (Figure 1). What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence UCUUAUAGAGGU?

Which phrase best describes translation?

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown above

Refer to the illustration above (IMAGE #1). The child represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would.

If a characteristic is sex-linked, the gene for it is found on

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia ( X^H X ^{h )}marries a hemophiliac man.(X ^h Y)

What proportion of the female children are hemophiliacs? ________

The squares of a pedigree chart represent a male

Refer to the chart above (IMAGE #4). What is the genotype of individual 3?

Inheritance in which two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time is called _.

A roan cow shows co-dominance in fur color (orange:OO and white:WW). What is the phenotype ratio expected if a roan cow and a roan steer mate together?

(Hint: draw a punnett square)

In rabbits, black hair is dominant to brown hair. Also in rabbits, long straight ears are dominant to floppy ears.

The letters represent the genotypes and phenotypes of the rabbits:

B = black hair | b = brown hair

E = long ears | e = floppy ears

A male rabbit with the genotype BBee is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype bbEe The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring.

How many out of 16 have brown hair and long ears? ______

Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?

What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous × heterozygous monohybrid cross?

A trait that is determined by a gene that is only found on the X chromosome is said to be _.

What is the main reason that sex-linked disorders are most often observed in males?

What is the genotype of individual 2 in Fig 7.4?

Mendelian genetics represent the only scientifically proven way that traits can be inheritted.

The spotted coat of an Appaloosa horse is the result of both alleles of a gene being expressed. This is an example of

Which answer choice lists the correct gametes for the black, short hair guinea pig?

The scientific study of heredity is called

In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.

The trait in the Punnett Square below is for plant height. Tall is dominant to dwarf. Use the Punnett Square to answer the following question.

What are the genotypes of the plants that were crossed?

H = normal blood clotting

h = hemophilia

What letters would you use to represent the genotype of a heterozygous female?

Which statement is true of a sex-linked recessive gene?

What type of traits do the shaded shapes in Fig 7.4 represent?

A black cat and a white cat have a gray kitten. THis blending of the fur color is an example of:

A woman who has Type A blood (I^AI^A) marries a man with Type B blood (I^Bi). What would be the possible phenotypes of their children?

When an individual heterozygous for a trait is crossed with an individual homozygous recessive for the trait, the offspring produced will

A snapdragon can produce red (RR), white (R’R’), or pink (RR’) flowers. If two pink snapdragons were crossed, the expected resulting phenotypes of the offspring would be

A polygenic trait involves a single gene with multiple allele options.

A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb. Which answer lists the correct gametes for the FEMALE rabbit.

The synthesis (S) phase is characterized by

In most eukaryotic cells, _ takes place after the nucleus divides.

In mitosis, anaphase follows _.

Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of

During what stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?

As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the parent cell during cytokinesis

A cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle has 4 chromosomes. What is the expected outcome after mitosis?

Cells that grow and do not respond to checkpoints often will create a mass of cells called a _

Apoptosis is programmed death of a cell.

Which of the following is true of malignant tumors?

The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into structures called _.

Mitosis is the process by which

After mitosis and interphase, each new cell has a complete set of the parent cell’s chromosomes.

Which phase of mitosis is occurring in the cell indicated by the arrow?

A duplicated chromosome consists of two identical _, which are held together at the centromere.

Which of the following statements is true?

The information needed by a cell to direct its activities and to determine its characteristics is contained in molecules of protein.

The cell cycle has checkpoints that act to prevent uncontrolled cell division.

One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that

Normal cells become cancer cells when

Mitosis is the process by which

After a new nuclear membrane forms during telophase of mitosis, the _ divides, resulting in two cells.

“Cables” made by the centrioles that attach to the chromosomes’ centromeres during cell division are called _.

During interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and

During what phase do the chromosomes pull apart from their sister chromatids?

Which of these sets correctly pairs the cell phase to what happens during that phase?

A substance known to produce or promote the development of cancer is called a growth factor.

First, you created a POINT mutation in your DNA. Describe what a point mutation is and how this can affect the protein created by the gene.

The second mutation you explored is called a FRAMESHIFT mutation. Explain what this means and how it affects the protein.

he third mutation you explored is a special kind of point mutation called a SILENT mutation. Explain what this means.

Single nucleotide changes are termed chromosomal mutations.

All mutations are harmful.

Using Image # 3 below: Describe what type of mutation is caused when x is removed.

Which answer best describes a frameshift mutation and how it affects a protein

Mutations that can affect the offspring of an organism occur in what cell type?

What would happen to structure F in Figure 7 if structure C in the figure above were deleted?

Which of the following would most likely result in an abnormal chromosome number?

The four haploid cells formed in the male at the end of meiosis II develop tails and are called _.

The figure above shows crossing over during meiosis. During which phase does this process occur?

The diploid number of chromosomes is re-established through _.

In humans, the specific condition caused by an extra chromosome 21 is called _.

People with Down syndrome , also known as trisomy 21, have

The diagram above FIgure #4 show chromosomes in a cell undergoing cell division.

If one of the chromosomes breaks during this process, which of the following will most likely happen?

A mutation in which a piece of a chromosome is lost during meiosis is called a(n) _.

Trisomy is a mutation that results in a cell having an extra

What kind of mutation is shown in the image #6 above?

The following image #3 shows a normal DNA strand and the resulting polypeptide chain. Predict how the polypeptide chain would change if a mutation occurred causing structure “X” to be deleted.

The X and Y chromosomes are called

In humans, the male determines the sex of the child because males have

During cytokinesis in the female, what divides unequally

Taxonomy is

Which of the following are prokaryotic cells?

The two-word system for naming organisms is called _

Which kingdom includes organisms that are all autotrophic?

In the Linnaean system of classification, the level that identifies one unique organism is the

Four of the kingdoms include eukaryotes and the other two include

Which kingdoms have organisms that are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and multicellular?

Which two kingdoms contain both unicellular and multicellular organisms?

A previously unknown organism is discovered living in a freshwater stream in the Amazon Basin. It is photosynthetic, unicellular, and has a nucleus. Under the current classification system, the new organism should be classified as a(n)

Which of the following are prokaryotic cells?

Which description distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Most organisms in the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia are multicellular.

Which kingdom does this organism belong to? A unicellular organism with a nucleus found in pond water.

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals are called _.

Taxonomy provides consistent ways to name organisms.

Four of the kingdoms include eukaryotes and the other two include

Under the Linnaean system of classification, organisms are grouped on the basis of similarities in structure.

Darwin was not the first person to suggest that evolution had occurred.

The evidence for evolution that looks at the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells is known as:

Darwin was the first to explain

Darwin’s observations of finches indicated descent with

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection predicts that disadvantageous traits will become more common in a population over time.

Analagous structures are structures found in organisms that have the same structure, but different functions. Ex: Like the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human.

A species is generally defined as a group of natural populations that can interbreed.

The finches that Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, the finches probably

Which of the following does not contribute to the progress of natural selection:

Biogeography is the study of

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection predicts that disadvantageous traits will become more common in a population over time.

Homologous structures are structures found in organisms that have different structures, but share a similar function. Ex: Like the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly.

Evolution can be defined as a genetic change in

Darwin observed that the plants and animals of the Galápagos Islands were similar to those on islands off the coast of Africa with similar environments.

Refer to the illustration above. An analysis of DNA from these organisms would indicate that

The main source of changes in phenotype frequencies in a population is mutation in germ cells that produce gametes.

When a group of individuals of the same species has become reproductively isolated from its parent population and has accumulated sufficient genetic differences to prevent interbreeding, convergence has occurred.

Directional selection tends to cause a shift in individuals toward one extreme of phenotypic values.

This image is showing which type of natural selection?

his image shows that the two extreme phenotypes in clam shell color are selected for in the environment.

A population of clams lives in a rocky intertidal zone where black lava has flowed into an area of white sand and bleached coral. The clams’ shells range in color from white to black with a shade of gray in between. The white clams and the black clams each outnumber the gray clams ten to one. Which is the most probable conclusion for why this is?

The Image #1 above is an example of:

_ is the mechanism of evolution where change happens as a result of a change in DNA.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for evolution?

This type of selection favors individuals who have the phenotype at one extreme of the spectrum.

The formation of new species is called

Directional selection tends to eliminate

After massive flooding a newly formed river carves out a great divide between lion populations and they can no longer breed with each other. This is an example of what kind of isolation?

The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration is called

Which of the following mechanisms for evolution stems from organisms being choosy about who they mate with?

_ is the mechanism of evolution that follws the principle of "survival of the fittest."