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Worksheets3C Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology
Total questions: 125
Worksheet time: 1hrs 3mins
Which of the following are true statements regarding the relationship among DNA, genes,and chromosomes?
DNA is a location on a gene
Genes are made up of chromosomes and proteins
Genes are found on chromosomes
Chromosomes are found on DNA
Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins
According to central dogma of molecular biology, which of the following transfers of information is not possible?
From DNA to DNA
From DNA to RNA
from RNA to protein
From protein to RNA
Genes contain instructions for assembling which of the following?
Chromosomes
Carbohydrates
cells
Proteins
Why is the nucleotide sequence of DNA important?
It specifies the type of sugar found
It specifies the type of hydrogen bonds formed
It specifies the genetic code used to make proteins
It specifies the phosphate bonds formed
What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
To reduce the amount of DNA in the nucleus of each cell
To ensure that daughter cells have a complete copy of DNA
To create new sequences of DNA that code for different proteins
To multiple the amount of DNA in the nucleus of each cell
Which part of DNA carries genetic information?
The phosphate-sugar backbone
The order of nitrogenous bases
The hydrogen bonds between nucleotides
The deoxyribose sugar
Which statement best describes the function of DNA in all cells?
DNA serves to block all mutations in a cell
DNA carries its information to the cytoplasm for exocytosis
DNA directs the synthesis of proteins for the cell
DNA acts as a chemical messenger for the cell
Once DNA is replicated during the cell cycle, which process is necessary to create daughter cells with the normal number of chromosomes?
Mitosis
DNA polymerase
meiosis
Semi-conservative replication
In an unmutated segment of DNA, the thymine molecules will pair with an equal number of which type of molecule?
Adenine
Uracil
guanine
Cytosine
One long, continuous strand of DNA would be found in which of the following?
A chromosome
A gene
a protein
An amino acid
The nucleotide sequence of “unzipped” portions of DNA is GCGATA. What would be the complementary nucleotide sequence?
CGCTAT
GATGCT
CGCUAU
CCTATA
The nucleotide sequence of “unzipped” portions of DNA is CTACGA. What would be the complementary nucleotide sequence?
CGCTAT
GATGCT
AAGTCC
GAUGCU
The nucleotide sequence of “unzipped” portions of DNA is TTCAGG. What would be the complementary nucleotide sequence?
CGCTAT
AAGUCC
AAGTCC
CCTATA
The nucleotide sequence of “unzipped” portions of DNA is GGATAT. What would be the complementary nucleotide sequence?
CCUAUA
GATGCT
AAGTCC
CCTATA
The diagram represents the sequence of base pairs along a small section of DNA.
Which bases correspond to the question mark?
UGAACG
ACTTGC
TGAACG
GTCCAT
If a student compares the DNA sequence of a mouse to that of a human, which of the following statements is correct?
Adenine will be bonded to guanine in the mouse DNA only
Adenine will be bonded to guanine in both the mouse and human DNA
Adenine will be bonded to thymine in the mouse DNA only
Adenine will be bonded to thymine in both the mouse and human DNA
What is the correct sequence of protein synthesis in a cell?
DNA to mRNA to protein to amino acid
DNA to protein to amino acid to mRNA
DNA to mRNA to amino acid to protein
DNA to amino acid to mRNA to protein
If a student constructs a model for the process of translation, the final product will be represented by which of the following?
Messenger RNA
A polypeptide chain
codons
Nucleotide
Which of the following is directly produced by the process of transcription?
Proteins
RNA polymerase
RNA molecules
DNA molecules
During which process is messenger RNA formed?
Replication
Transcription
translation
Mutation
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence for mRNA with the DNA sequence of GCGATA?
GAUGCU
CGCTAT
UAACUG
CGCUAU
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence for mRNA with the DNA sequence of CTACGA?
CGCUAU
AGAUCU
GAUGCU
GATGCT
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence for mRNA with the DNA sequence of TCTAGA?
AGATCT
AGAUCU
GAUGCU
CGCUAU
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence for mRNA with the DNA sequence of ATTGAC?
UAACUG
CGCUAU
TAACUG
CGCTAU
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence for tRNA given the mRNA sequence of UUCCCU?
AAGGGA
TTGGGT
UUCCCU
AACCCT
Why does the information in DNA have to be copied onto RNA?
DNA is unable to leave the nucleus
There are three different types of RNA
DNA doesn’t contain uracil
RNA contains ribose sugar
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
To create an identical copy of DNA in new cells
To create messenger RNA as a template for protein synthesis
To create new combinations of genes
To create gametes in sex cells
What is the role of transcription in protein synthesis?
It makes an exact copy of the DNA
It copies the instructions in DNA onto a strand of mRNA
It copies the instructions on ribosomes into DNA
It translates the instructions in tRNA into amino acids
Which of the following describes the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
It transcribes the code from the DNA template in the nucleus
It carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation
It facilitates the replication of DNA before protein synthesis can begin
It reads mRNA anticodons
Amino acids bond together to form polypeptides, and polypeptides bond together to form proteins. Which of the following determines each amino acid to be assembled in a molecule of protein?
The sequence of bases on the entire strand of DNA determines one amino acid
The sequence of genes along a strand of DNA determines one amino acid
The sequence of three bases on a section of DNA determines one amino acid
The sequence of chromosome arrangement in a cell determines each amino acid
Which of the following statements best describes a codon?
A type of RNA that copies instructions from a portion of DNA
A sequence of three bases that codes for a protein
A portion of DNA that codes for a specific protein
A sequence of three bases that codes for an amino acid
Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus of a cell to a ribosome in the cytoplasm?
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
DNA
In which way does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is double stranded
RNA is single stranded
RNA is found only in the nucleus
RNA contains nitrogenous bases
A gene gives the instructions for protein synthesis. Which type of molecule is responsible for “reading” the instructions and then creating the protein?
ATP
RNA
DDT
DNA
A protein is assembled amino acid-by amino acid during the process of ___.
replication
translation
transcription
Mutation
The RNA copy that carries information from DNA in the nucleus into the cytoplasm is ___ RNA.
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
pRNA
DNA makes a copy of itself in the process called ___.
replication
translation
transcription
Mutation
The shape of a molecule of DNA is called a ___.
triple helix
double helix
double spring
single helix
What is the sugar molecule in DNA?
deoxyribose
glucose
fructose
Ribose
What is the sugar molecule in RNA?
deoxyribose
glucose
fructose
Ribose
Nucleotides form base pairs through a weak bond called a ___ bond. This holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.
carbon
hydrogen
covalent
Peptide
A set of 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid is called ___.
anticodon
mutation
codon
Transcriber
The process that happens when a sequence of bases in mRNA is used to make a sequence of Amino acids to form a protein is called ___.
transcription
replication
mutation
Translation
In this process DNA unzips and makes an RNA copy of itself.
transcription
translation
replication
Mutation
This is the part of the RNA that makes up ribosomes.
mRNA
rRNA
pRNA
tRNA
During the process of transcription, DNA serves as a template or pattern for making ___.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
pRNA
Thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine are ___.
mutations
nitrogen bases
sugars
phosphate groups
DNA is a long molecule made of repeating subunits called ___.
codons
phosphates
sugars
Nucleotides
Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule?
adenine-guanine
adenine-cytosine
guanine-cytosine
Cytosine-uracil
Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule?
adenine-thymine
adenine-cytosine
adenine-guanine
Cytosine-uracil
Which nitrogen base is found only in RNA and not in DNA?
adenine
guanine
uracil
Thymine
The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components?
phosphate molecules and ribose sugars
deoxyphosphate molecules and ribose sugars
phosphate molecules & deoxyribose sugars
deoxyphosphate molecules & deoxyribose sugars
In which part of the cell does the process of translation take place?
nucleus
food vacuoles
ribosomes
Chromosome
Each “rung” of the DNA ladder is made of ___.
single nitrogen base
a pair of nitrogen bases
3 nitrogen bases
4 nitrogen bases
In RNA, uracil replaces the nitrogen base ___.
adenine
guanine
thymine
Cytosine
Use the mRNA codon chart to find the amino acids that correspond to each portion of mRNA given. AUUAAA
Alanine-proline
Isoleucine-lysine
stop-phenylalanine
Isoleucine-proline
Use the mRNA codon chart to find the amino acids that correspond to each portion of DNA given. GCGATA
Arginine-tyrosine
Alanine-isoleucine
tyrosine-arginine
Alanine-tyrosine
Which cellular process is shown by the diagram?
Crossing over
Replication
translation
Transcription
The amino acids for RNA codons are given in the chart.
Which amino acids are coded for by the following portion of an mRNA strand? AUGGAUUACAUC
Methionine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, isoleucine
Methionine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine
Tyrosine, leucine, methionine, stop
Threonine, aspartic acid, cysteine, isoleucine
What is the function of this macromolecule?
To store genetic information and to pass this information on to future generations
To form the main structural component of skeletal muscle, skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, horns, bone, hair, and feathers or to act as a chemical messenger or enzyme
To store energy long-term
To aid in the creation of proteins
The diagram models a small section of DNA.
Which part of DNA is most responsible for storing genetic information?
The structure of a chromosome made up of a long strand of DNA
The order of the nitrogenous bases that form genes
They type of sugar found in the sugar-phosphate backbone
The number of hydrogen bonds between base pairs
The diagram summarizes the process of translation.
What role does transfer RNA have in this process?
It repairs damaged DNA
It binds with an unzipped strand of DNA to copy DNA nucleotide sequences
It transports energy from the mitochondrion to the ribosome so that translation can take place
It carries amino acids to the ribosome to build a protein
The chart shows the amino acids that correspond to mRNA codons. Which of the following mRNA sequences could code for Valine-Serine-Alanine?
GGG-UAA-GCC
GUG-UCU-CGG
AUG-UCG-CGU
GUU-AGU-GCG
What disorder is shown in the karyotype? (3A.3)
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome
Sickle cell anemia
What disorder is shown in the karyotype? (3A.3)
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome
Sickle cell anemia
What disorder is shown in the karyotype? (3A.3)
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome
Normal
If a doctor suspect Down syndrome in a developing fetus, what should he observe with a karyotype? (3A.3)
A missing sex chromosome
Translocation of genetic material
deletion of genetic material
Three copies of a certain chromosome
Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin. In the gene that codes for hemoglobin, the normal codon sequence GAG becomes GUG, and as a result, the amino acid glutamine is replaced with valine. What type of mutation causes sickle cell disease? (3C.3)
Frameshift
Point
deletion
Inversion
A point mutation that occurs in a blood cell would most likely result in which of the following? (3C.3)
A dominant trait passed onto offspring
Incorrect coding for a protein
more serious chromosomal mutation
A dominant trait passed onto offspring
The diagram shows a disorder of chromosome 17. What type of chromosomal mutation has occurred? (3C.3)
Nondisjunction
Deletion
substitution
insertion
Look at the two nucleotide sequences for a section of DNA given. (3C.3)
What type of mutation is shown in the copied sequence?
Insertion
Deletion
substitution
Nondisjunction
If you compare the original DNA sequence to the copied DNA sequence shown, which two of the following are true statements? (3C.3)
The mutation in the copied sequence adds a different amino acid from the original
The mutation will be passed onto future generations.
The mutation that occurred in the copied DNA sequence will change the number of chromosomes produced in all subsequent cells.
The protein coded by the copied DNA will function exactly the same as the original
The protein coded by the copied DNA will be different from the original and may function differently
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a frameshift mutation on chromosome 15. A person with Tay-Sachs lacks the enzyme hexosaminidase A. This enzyme is needed to break down gangliosides, a fatty substance that is formed in nerve cells and in the brain. Why does the frameshift mutation result in this disease? (3C.3)
The frameshift mutation creates gangliosides instead of hexosaminidase A
The frameshift mutation creates a defect in the shape and function of nerve cells
The frameshift mutation causes a defect in the shape of the ganglioside molecules
The frameshift mutation causes a defect in the gene needed to create a protein
Why is a frameshift mutation usually more serious than a substitution mutation? (3C.3)
It changes every codon after the mutation
It can be passed onto offspring
It always causes some form of cancer
It causes duplication of genetic instructions
Study the karyotype. How is this karyotype best characterized? (3A.3)
normal male karyotype
A normal female karyotype
an abnormal female karyotype
An abnormal male karyotype
Williams syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with a mutation in chromosome 7. A person born with this syndrome is more likely to have cardiovascular problems and learning disabilities but to have a highly social personality. A pair of chromosomes from a karyotype and a normal chromosome 7 are shown. (3C.3)
Which of the following is the most likely cause of Williams syndrome?
Insertion
Deletion
point mutation
Translocation
In sickle cell disease, the gene responsible for forming hemoglobin inserts the amino acid valine instead of glutamic acid. Only this one amino acid is affected, but the resulting protein is shaped incorrectly. What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia? (3C.3)
frameshift mutation
A point mutation
a chromosomal inversion
A chromosomal deletion
The karyotype shows a genetic disorder.
What type of mutation is responsible for the disorder represented by this karyotype? (3A.3)
A portion of one chromosome has been transferred to a homologous chromosome
A deletion has resulted in part of a chromosome being left off
A translocation has resulted in a portion of one chromosome being added to another chromosome
Nondisjunction has resulted in an extra copy of one chromosome
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal mutation resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis in forming either sperm or egg cells. Which genetic technology would be best to determine the presence of this chromosomal mutation? (3A.3)
DNA fingerprinting
Karyotyping
Gene therapy
Recombinant DNA technology
The nucleotide sequence on a strand of DNA changes as shown.
What type of mutation has occurred? (3C.3)
Translocation
Deletion
insertion
Substitution
Cystic fibrosis is most commonly caused when a gene on chromosome 7 is missing three base pairs that code for one amino acid in a protein. How would you expect this missing amino acid to affect the protein? (3C.3)
The protein would be abnormally shaped
The protein would be too long
The protein would be more easily broken down by enzymes
The protein would be produced in smaller amounts
What type of mutation is responsible for Down Syndrome? (3A.3)
Substitution during mitosis
Frameshift mutation during mitosis
Translocation during meiosis
Nondisjunction during meiosis
The diagram shows a chromosomal mutation that may occur during mitosis. (3C.3)
What type of chromosomal mutation is shown on sister chromatid 2?
Deletion
Inversion
substitution
Duplication
A substitution mutation results in the formation of a stop codon in the middle of a gene sequence. How will this mutation affect the protein being formed? (3C.3)
The protein will contain fewer amino acids than it should
The protein will become cancerous
The protein will have the correct shape but will not have the correct function
The protein will not be affected by this type of mutation
Why are insertion and deletion mutations usually more serious than substitutions? (3C.3)
They can be passed onto offspring
They change every codon after the mutation
They always cause some form of cancer
They cause recessive traits to become dominant traits
When can a mutation be passed onto offspring? (3C.3)
Only when the mutation is present during or occurs during mitosis
Only when the mutation is present during or occurs during meiosis
When the mutation occurs during mitosis or meiosis
When the mutation occurs in somatic cells
A doctor suspects a person may have Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) caused by having an extra X chromosome. Which of the following would be best to confirm the diagnosis? (3A.3)
Karyotype
Pedigree
punnett square
DNA fingerprint
A mutation is any mistake or change in the ___. (3C.3)
cell
DNA
ribosomes
nucleus
An agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a(n) ___. (3C.3)
zygote
inversion
mutagen
mutation
The number of chromosomes can be studied by looking at a ___. (3A.3)
karyotype
pedigree chart
genotype
punnett square
A mutation where part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous pair.
deletion
inversion
translocation
trisomy
Failure of paired chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
nondisjunction
deletion
crossing over
substitution
Having three of a particular chromosome instead of two.
monosomy
trisomy
substitution
deletion
Error in DNA sequence in which one base is misread and changed to a different base.
nondisjunction
substitution
deletion
inversion
A mutation where part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards.
deletion
substitution
inversion
nondisjunction
Having one of a particular chromosome instead of two.
monosomy
trisomy
deletion
inversion
Error in DNA sequence that adds or deletes a single base.
deletion
substitution
inversion
frameshift
A piece of a chromosome breaks off.
inversion
substitution
deletion
translocation
A point mutation that causes red blood cell to be a different shape and less functional. Red blood cells will be sticky and shaped wrong.
cystic fibrosis
sickle cell anemia
tay sachs disease
PKU
Person has a missing enzyme needed to destroy a certain type of fat on the brain. Baby usually appears normal until around 3 months old.
PKU
cystic fibrosis
Tay sachs disease
sickle cell anemia
Caused by a defective transport protein that carries salt and water into and out of the cells in the lungs.
sickle cell anemia
tay sachs disease
cystic fibrosis
PKU
Genetic disorder caused when a female is born with only one X chromosome (X0) instead of two (XX).
Down Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
A unique pattern created from DNA segments that can be used to identify an individual or to identify family relationships.
cloning
genetic recombination
DNA fingerprinting
stem cells
A laboratory technique that runs electrical current through a gel to separate DNA fragments by their size
stem research
recombinant DNA
genome
gel electrophoresis
All of an organism’s hereditary information
stem cells
gel electrophoresis
DNA fingerprint
genome
DNA that is formed by joining a short piece of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism
DNA fingerprint
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA
stem cells
A process of producing genetically identical copies of genes, tissues, or an entire organism
DNA fingerprint
gel electrophoresis
stem cell research
cloning
An international effort that successfully sequenced human DNA
stem cell research
DNA fingerprinting
Human Genome Project
Universal cloning effort
Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to become different types of specialized cells
plasmids
zygotes
embryos
stem cells
An organism that contains genes from a different species
clone
plasmid
transgenic organism
twin
Which technique has been used to produce insulin for diabetes treatment? (3C.4)
Bacterial transformation
Gel electrophoresis
DNA fingerprinting
Reproductive cloning.
Identify two ethical concerns raised by the Human Genome Project? (3C.4)
The potential for discrimination
Improved techniques for sequencing DNA
An individual’s right to privacy regarding their health
Greater knowledge of the genes that cause genetic diseases
Shared research made available worldwide via the internet
Which is the main ethical concern behind stem cell research? (3C.4)
Some research benefits only people with specific diseases and not the general public
The research that reprograms somatic cells to become like embryo cells is too expensive
Some research uses embryos that are destroyed when harvesting the cells
Some research that uses adult stem cells obtains those cells from fetal umbilical cords
Which is considered a danger of creating transgenic organisms? (3C.4)
They may grow larger and faster than regular organisms
They may be disease and pest resistant
They may produce meat that is less fatty than regular meat
They may contaminate the gene pool of organisms that are not transgenic
Why does a DNA fingerprint help to identify a person? (3C.4)
Most genes are dominant
Most people have DNA that contains repeats
The most important genes are different among most people
No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA
Cloning produces organisms that are ___. (3C.4)
genetically superior to the original organism
genetically identical to the original organism
genetically different from the original organism
genetically transformed from the original organism
Transformation is the process of ___. (3C.4)
joining DNA from different organisms
separating DNA into fragments based on size
cutting DNA into small pieces
placing DNA from one organism into another organism
Organisms that contain genes from a different organism are called ___. (3C.4)
transgenic
recombinant
cloned
restricted
Making changes in an organism’s DNA is called ___. (3C.4)
DNA extraction
genetic engineering
gel electrophoresis
cloning
Using gel electrophoresis to analyze DNA allows researchers to ___. (3C.4)
find differences and similarities in different kinds of organisms
decide if a certain allele is dominant or recessive
compare the phenotypes of different organisms
cut DNA with restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis can be used to ___.
cut DNA into fragments of various sizes
clone chromosomes of various species
separate DNA fragments by charge and length to create a DNA fingerprint
Which type of technology would BEST be used to determine if two people are related? (3C.4)
by comparing their DNA karyotypes
by using recombinant DNA and bacterial transformation
by determining blood types
by using gel electrophoresis to create DNA fingerprints
The DNA fingerprint results from a colt and four stallions are shown below. An investor purchasing the colt must know the father. Which stallion would be identified as the father of the colt?
stallion 1
stallion 2
stallion 3
stallion 4
The DNA fingerprint results from a DNA sample taken from a stray cat and possible mothers and fathers of the cat are shown. Which two cats would be identified as the mother and father?
Female A and male C
Female A and male D
Female B and male C
Female B and male D
Transgenic organisms are produced when the genes from one species are inserted into the genome of another species. For example, bt corn contains genes from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis that makes the corn plant toxic to corn-borer caterpillars. What is the primary ethical concern of growing transgenic plants such as bt-corn?
The increase in insecticide usage to control unwanted crop pests such as corn-borer caterpillars
The increase in cost of producing genetically modified crops for human consumption
The unforseen consequences on the environment and human health
The inability to mass produce genetically modified seeds to meet agricultural needs
