Mobile elements in the cell wall of bacteria that carry virulence genes and are often shuffled/deleted:

Jill stepped on a rusty nail and contracted tetanus, what route will the bacteria use to cause infection:

In a biofilm, adhesins are used to form the bacterial ___________________, allowing adhesion and sharing of nutrients.

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria both utilize __________________ as a method of adhesion.

The process used by some microbes to force host cell endocytosis of the pathogen is termed:

Protein that is released by bacteria and pokes holes in host cell membranes.

The primary factors that contribute to microbial pathogenicity are __________________.

Membrane disrupting toxins that lyse blood cells:

Pyrogens cause:

Ergot is a hallucinogenic toxin released by some:

Cytopathic effects of viruses do not include:

Which of the following bacteria contain exotoxins:

Which of the following bacteria contain endotoxins:

Allow the formation of blood clots:

Allow the digestion of blood clots:

Protozoates and helminths cause disease symptoms due to the buildup of _________________ in the host.

Which of the following are both portals of entry and exit.

The ability to cause disease by overcoming host defenses is termed __________, whereas ____________ is the degree to which the pathogen overcomes host defenses.

In some cases, microbes process information by using cascades to regulate gene expression in response to environmental cues via __________________.

The _____measures the potency of a microbe’s toxin, whereas the _____ measures a microbe’s overall virulence.

The _________________ is the period between the entry of the microbe and the appearance of disease symptoms.

_______________are proteins secreted by pathogens that scavenge iron deposits from host cells.

Amoebocytes are cultured from __________________ and are used to test for the presence of endotoxins.

Microbiota can protect against infection by preventing pathogens from colonizing epithelial surfaces. This is:

The likelihood of disease increases as the number of microbes decreases.

Which of the pathogens below are the most virulent:

Which of the pathogens below are the least virulent:

Most microbes are never pathogenic.

The shorter the incubation period, the more chance the microbe will be transmitted.

Diagnosis and effective treatment of infection depends on:

Stephanie has an enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection. What was the most likely portal of entry?

Which of the following is not a method of bacterial sex?

When a pathogen alters its PAMPs and is no longer recognized by host antibodies, _____________ has occurred.

The epidemiological triangle does not include:

To cause disease, pathogens must first:

Most pathogens have a preferred portal of entry.

In biofilm environments, pathogenicity is more likely to occur when:

Two variations of the Influenza A virus have combined to in the last year to form a more virulent strain. This is called:

Due to increased vaccinations and fewer susceptible individuals, the Influenza A virus has gradually started exhibiting mutations to its receptors. This is an example of:

The more motile a pathogen is, the more likely it will cause disease.

Which of the following bacteria does not have a flagella.

Which of the following factors contribute to a microbes ability to invade a host:

Exotoxins are only found in G- bacteria.

Endotoxins are only found in G- cells.

Endotoxins indicate the presence of specific diseases.

Exotoxins are more toxic than endotoxins.

Many different microbes exhibit antigenic variation.

The presence of "mycotoxin" indicates that a patient has a _____ infection.

Transduction can increase pathogenicity.

Endotoxins are released during:

Which is more soluble in body fluids:

Which is the primary cause of fevers?

In order for diptheria toxin to be released, what must occur?

If a patient has toxemia, where have toxins been found?

Shigella flexneri expresses a glycoprotein that allows it to travel between host cells. It is called:

The method used by bacteria like Yersinia pestis to avoid phagocytosis is:

Which of the following is a mechanical barrier to pathogens?

Which of the following is a chemical barrier to pathogens?

The ID50 & LD50 is different for every pathogen.