An enzyme or drug that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase thus increasing stimulating effect on muscles

Which channels are opened due to the arrival of an action potential from the motor neuron to the presynaptic terminals?

Which ions are released upon binding of Ach to its receptors in the postsynaptic muscle fiber?

A pharmacologic agent used as a diagnostic tool for Myasthenia Gravis

A symptom of MG that refers to blurred or double vision

It is the space between the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction

Which of the following is not a common symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?

Myasthenic Crisis is a life-threatening manifestation of MG affecting the diaphragm and breathing muscles leading to

A procedure done for patients with severe symptoms of MG that involves removal of harmful antibodies in the plasma

Condition in which the body’s B-Cells produce autoantibodies that bind to Nicotinic AChE receptors thus inhibiting muscle contraction

A small endocrine gland located behind the sternum that is only active until puberty and is important during immune system development

A surgical procedure that deals with the removal of benign or slow-growing tumors in the thymus gland

Group of drugs that suppresses autoimmunity and limits antibody production (e..g, prednisone)

[BONUS - 2 MINUTES] Which Philippine politician has recently publicly announced that he is suffering from Myasthenia Gravis?

A chronic degenerative disease involving the cartilage that is also known as wear-and-tear arthritis

Cells of mature cartilage that occur singly or in groups within spaces in the extracellular matrix of the bone

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder characterized by

A group of enzymes responsible for the degradation of cartilage

In Osteoarthritis, synthesis of MMPs is greatly _________ and the available inhibitors are overwhelmed, resulting in ___________.

Bumps or swelling found on the lower joints called the proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands

The Synovial/Joint Fluid Test is used to rule out similar joint conditions such as

Type of arthritis that is characterized by the build-up of uric acid crystals around the affected area

Type of joint affected by osteoarthritis

Components of the extracellular matrix that contributes to the overall elasticity and high tensile strength of joints

The following are examples of proteoglycans except

Bony projections that develop along bone edges and often form where bones meet each other at the joints; a hallmark sign of OA

Pharmacological treatments for OA focus on:

Non-pharmacologic treatments for OA focus on:

Term used to describe slowness of movement; a hallmark feature of PD

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

PD is characterized by the loss of nerve cells in the _____________ of the brain.

Which region of the brain is the substantia nigra located?

It is the neurotransmitter implicated in Parkinson’s Disease

Abnormal eosinophilic cells that develop inside nerve cells of patients with PD

A diagnosis of PD can be made with at least two of the three cardinal signs, including:

Aside from motor symptoms, patients with PD may also experience non-motor symptoms such as:

A parkinsonian tremor of the hand consisting of flexion and extension of the fingers in connection with adduction and abduction of the thumb.

Main strategy in pharmacologic treatment for PD

Precursor of Dopamine that is administered to patients with PD since Dopamine is not able to cross the blood-brain barrier

Administered together with Levodopa to avoid unwanted side-effects such as arrhythmia due to peripheral Dopa Decarboxylase Conversion

Which of the following enzymes degrade Dopamine?

[BONUS - 2 MINUTES] Which actress portrayed a character with early onset Parkinson’s Disease in the film Love and Other Drugs?

Type of Diabetes Mellitus characterized by insulin resistance

Type of Diabetes Mellitus characterized by autoantibodies that attack insulin producing cells resulting in the inability of the body to make enough insulin

Gestational Diabetes usually develops in pregnant women during the

A gland which has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Cells in the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) responsible for the production of insulin

Term referring to excessive thirst and is considered as one of the initial symptoms of diabetes

Another initial symptom of diabetes which refers to a condition of extreme or excessive hunger

Characterized by elevated blood levels of glucose

Which of the following are risk factors for developing Type II Diabetes?

Hormone produced by the pancreas targets the liver and raises blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)

A blood test that measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, and provides average levels of blood glucose over the past 3 months.

Type of Diabetes Mellitus that is preventable

Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes since these patients, while not able to make insulin, are still reactive to insulin

Complications of uncontrolled diabetes characterized by damages to the afferent and efferent arterioles, as well as the glomerulus

According to the Department of Health, Diabetes is the _________ cause of Mortality (Death) in the Philippines in 2013.