a hormone that may affect memory consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences; also called epinephrine

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a neurotransmitter that plays crucial roles in the growth and strengthening of synaptic connections during learning and memory formation

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structure located deep within the brain that has a crucial role in processing emotions

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structure located deep within the brain that has a crucial role in the consolidation of most of our memories

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the biological process of making a newly formed long-term memory stable and enduring after learning

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explanation of changes to synaptic connections between neurons during learning; often summarised as 'neurons that re together, wire together'

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the long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission; compare with long-term potentiation

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the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, resulting in enhanced or more effective neurotransmission across the synapse; compare with long-term depression

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the ability of a synapse to change over time through use or disuse

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a type of learning which occurs through repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli. The learner is passive

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in classical conditioning, any object or event that does not normally produce a predictable response

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in classical conditioning, any stimulus that consistently produces a particular unconditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the response that occurs automatically as a result of the unconditioned stimulus; is reflexive or involuntary

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in classical conditioning, the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the unconditioned response but eventually becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the learned or acquired response to the conditioned stimulus

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the ability to distinguish between two (or more) different stimuli, even if the stimuli are similar

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the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a response; in classical conditioning, it occurs over time when the unconditioned stimulus is not presented; in operant conditioning, it occurs over time when reinforcement ceases

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the reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period and after its apparent extinction

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the tendency for similar stimuli to produce the same, but not necessarily identical, response

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a type of learning for which the consequences of a behaviour (e.g reward or punishment) determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future

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a stimulus that precedes a specific behaviour and signals the probable consequence for the behaviour

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in the three-phase model of operant conditioning, refers to the voluntary action that occurs in the presence of an antecedent

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in operant conditioning, the environmental event that occurs immediately after the relevant behaviour and determines whether or not that behaviour will occur

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the presentation of a stimulus following a desired response, thereby strengthening a response or making it more likely to occur again by providing a pleasant or satisfying consequence

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the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby strengthening or making a response more likely to occur

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the removal or loss of a desirable stimulus thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again

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the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response occurring again

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when any stimulus valued by an organism is removed, whether or not it causes a response

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when someone uses observation of a model's actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions; also called modelling or social learning theory

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the first step in the observational learning process that involves closely watching a model's behaviour and its consequences

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the second step in the observational learning process involving memory storage of the observed behaviour so the behaviour may be reproduced when needed

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the third step in the observational learning process involving ability to imitate behaviour that has been attended to and retained in memory. Dependent on the learner's physical capabilities.

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the fourth step in the observational learning process. The desire to reproduce the observed behaviour.

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influences the motivation to reproduce the observed behaviour and increases the likelihood of reproduction.

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processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning

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in the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model, a permanent, built-in fixed feature of memory that does not vary from one situation to the other

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in relation to memory, conversion of information into a form that can be neurologically represented and stored in memory

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in relation to memory, retention of encoded information over time

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repetition of information over and over again so that it can be kept in short-term (or working) memory

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the process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in short-term memory, to transfer it to long-term memory or to aid storage and retrieval

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in the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model, an activity that is consciously performed to assist the memory process, such as attention and maintenance rehearsal

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the process of linking new information in a meaningful way with information already stored in memory or with other new information to aid its storage and retrieval from long-term memory

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recovery of stored information and bringing into conscious awareness for use

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the amount of information each store can hold at any given moment

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length of time information can be held by each component of memory

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the entry point of memory in which the stimuli that bombard the senses are retained in their original sensory form for a very brief time

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auditory sensory memory for incoming auditory information that stores sounds in their original sensory form for about three or four seconds

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visual sensory memory for incoming visual information that stores visual images in their original sensory form for a third of a second

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a memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way; also functions as 'working memory'

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a memory store that holds a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long time, possibly permanently

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memory that occurs when information can be consciously or intentionally retrieved and stated

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the long-term explicit memory of personally experienced events

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the long-term explicit memory of facts and knowledge about the world

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memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval

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implicit memory of conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli acquired through classical conditioning

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the long-term implicit memory of motor skills and actions that have been learned previously

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outer layer of the brain involved in complex mental abilities, sensory processing and voluntary behaviours

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reproducing information stored in memory

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reproducing information from memory in any order, without the assistance or any cue

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reproducing information from memory in the order in which it was learned

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reproducing information from memory by using a prompt to assist retrieval

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any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory

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a prompt for memory retrieval based on an individual's internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the required memory was formed

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a prompt for memory retrieval based on environmental factors in the specific situation in which the required memory was originally formed

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in relation to memory retrieval, identifying the original, learnt information. Incorrect alternatives may or may not be present

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learning information again that has been previously learned and therefore stored in long-term memory; also called method of savings

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the inability to access or recover information previously stored in memory

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a research finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a list than for items in the middle of the list

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the cauliflower-shaped structure located at the base of the brain that looks like a mini-brain

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a question that has content or is phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer

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loss of memory only for information or events occurring after the trauma that causes the amnesia

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a disorder characterised by a progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue

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any brain injury that impairs the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently

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combining stored information with other available information to form what is believed to be a more coherent, complete or accurate memory

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the serial position effect of superior recall for items at the beginning of a list

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the serial position effect of superior recall for items at the end of a list

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a type of dementia characterised by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of cognitive and social skills, and personality changes

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