Nuclear reactions

Nuclear reactions are strongly influenced by environmental factors.

Some elements have no stable isotopes.

The mass of the helium atom equals

Einstein's equation states

The nuclear binding energy is measured in

In Einstein's equation, c stands for the speed of light.

The mass of particles is measured in micrograms.

Avogadro's number is used in nuclear binding energy calculations.

No stable nuclides exist beyond the element

The ______ _______ _____ holds the nuclei of atoms together

Unstable nuclei decompose rapidly.

Neutrons help provide stability to nuclei.

An alpha particle is a

In beta decay the following occurs:

The positron has the same mass as

Gamma radiation does not affect the atomic number of a product.

A neutron becomes a proton in beta emission.

Radioactive decay takes place more rapidly for

The rate of decay for an isotope depends on

After four half-lives, _____ of the radioisotope remains

The decay curve for a radioisotope plots

Fr-220 has a half-life of 27.5 seconds.

The abbreviation for half-life is t_1.5

Carbon-14 decays by beta emission.

In two half-lives, 50% of the mass of the nuclide is lost.

The isotope that is used to measure the age of organic material is

The carbon-14 isotope can be used to measure the ages of

The ratio of radioactive carbon to stable carbon does not change.

Uranium isotopes have been used to date the age of rocks.

The product of a decay event is referred to as

U-238 decays by alpha emission to form Th-234.

Pb-214 is formed by beta-emission of Po-218

One of the following does not serve as a particle for carrying out artificial transmutation

An example of a transuranium element is

Mendelevium has been found in nature.

Formation of transuranium elements is accompanied by emission of a particle.

U-235 can form U-236 when hit with a

The most stable nuclei are those of

The burning of fossil fuels is a method of energy production.

The fission process produces a large amount of energy.

The fission process produces

The radionuclide used in atomic bombs is

U-235 splits into Kr and Ba.

Power plant control rods are often made of sodium.

A fusion process that takes place in the sun involves:

One disadvantage of using fusion reactions for energy is

Fusion can take place at room temperature and normal pressures.

Average exposure to background radiation is

Tissue damage from radiation can result in all of the following except

A Geiger counter detects tissue damage due to radiation.

All of the following are problems associated with the use of radiation for cancer treatment except

Nuclear radiation provides all the following benefits except

Technetium-99 is used to detect skin cancer.

I-131 can be used to study thyroid problems.

Carbon has ____ valence electrons

Carbon can readily form covalent bonds with all of the following except

Methionine contains sulfur covalently bonded to carbon.

Only living things can synthesize organic compounds.

A hydrocarbon contains

Hydrocarbons can be divided into three major classes.

All of the following except one are ways to depict organic molecules

The molecule with the structure CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 is named

In naming branched-chain hydrocarbons, the first step is to

A chain with nine carbons is named nonane.

The name 6-methyl-5-chloro-3-ethyldecane follows the IUPAC nomenclature rules.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains less than the maximum number of

Carbon atoms in double bonds display trigonal planar geometry.

Alkynes with one triple bond have the general formula

Carbon atoms in triple bonds are sp² hybridized.

Geometric isomers have

Optical isomers are

Simple alkynes have geometric isomers.

The physical and chemical properties of geometric isomers are usually different.

The smallest cyclic hydrocarbon is

The bond angles for cyclobutane are

The carbon atoms in cycloalkanes are ___ hybridized

Cycloalkanes have the general formula C_nH_2n+2

The most common cycloalkanes have five or six carbons.

The ideal bond angle for carbon is

The most stable ring structure is

The boat form of cyclohexane is the preferred conformation.

The two cyclohexane conformations interconvert readily.

Electrons in the benzene ring are

The true bonding between carbons in benzene is

Pi bonding electrons in benzene are fixed in space.

Benzene is less reactive than straight-chain hexenes.

Substituents in adjacent carbons in a benzene ring can be called

All of the following are naming rules for benzene derivatives except

The –NO₂ group is called

There are six carbons in a benzene ring.

If there are two amino groups on a benzene ring, the terminology would be diamino.

Knowledge of functional groups is useful for all the following reasons except

Knowing the functional group allows prediction of reaction behavior.

The general formula for an alkyl halide is

The generic formula for an ether is

Alcohols all have a

Aldehydes have a carboxyl group on the end of the carbon chain.

The carboxyl group can ionize to form a carboxylate anion.

The secondary alcohol has ___ R group(s) attached to the C-OH carbon

For alkyl halides containing more than one type of halogen, the substituents are listed by

The ending for aldehyde names is

The ending for names of carboxylic acid is "-oic acid".

The carboxylic acid portion of an ester name comes first.

A primary amine has two hydrogens attached to the N atom.

Ethylene glycol is commonly used as

Aldehydes and ketones interact with water through

Benzoic acid is used as

Esters are responsible for many odors and flavors.

Amines do not form hydrogen bonds with water.

Ethers have much lower boiling points than the corresponding alcohols.

In a chlorine-containing hydrocarbon, the chlorine can be replaced by

Hydrogen replacement on benzene by a halogen requires

Addition reactions take place on

Addition of Br can be used to detect the presence of an unsaturated compound.

AlCl₃ is a catalyst for adding alkyl groups to benzene rings.

When heated in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, an alkane is

The oxidation of a tertiary alcohol yields

Oxidation involves the addition or the removal of hydrogen.

Oxidation of a primary alcohol produces a ketone.

One of the molecules often removed in a condensation reaction is

The reaction between two amino acids forms a compound known as a

An ester is formed from a reaction between an alcohol and an acid.

When heated with a strong acid, the ester breaks down.

The small units that make up a polymer are called

Nylon-66 is made up of hexanediamine and

Monomers of addition polymers contain double bonds.

Polyisoprene is a polymer of isoprenoic acid.

Monomers of condensation polymers need two functional groups.

The empirical formula for most carbohydrates is

Glucose and fructose are known as

When glucose forms a cyclic compound the ________ group is no longer present.

Glucose and fructose are hydrates of carbon.

Fructose is found in fruits and honey.

The straight-chain form of fructose is a ketone.

Two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide by way of a

When glucose and fructose combine, _______ is eliminated.

Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose.

The open-chain structures combine in the formation of a disaccharide.

Sucrose is made up of the monosaccharides

Lactose is made up of the monosaccharides

Maltose is composed of two fructose monomers.

Lactose is often referred to as milk sugar.

Amylopectin is the branched form of

Glycogen us a highly branched polysaccharide made of __________ monomers.

Cellulose is only digestible by

Starch is composed of galactose monomers.

Termites digest cellulose.

Amino acids contain all of the following except

All of the following statements about the amino acid R group are true except

The R group is referred to as a side chain.

There are 15 amino acids associated with living organisms.

The abbreviation for the amino acids asparagine is

The R group of lysine is

The side chain for aspartic acid is a carboxyl group.

A peptide bond is another name for

Amino acid sequences are written using all the following rules except

Peptide bond formation is independent of R groups.

His-Tyr indicates a dipeptide of histidine and tryptophan.

A polypeptide is

One of the following is an example of secondary structure.

Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in protein secondary structure.

All of the following can function as cofactors for enzymes except

The first enzyme to be discovered was

Chemical reactions in cells are catalyzed by enzymes.

The shape of the substrate does not affect active site binding.

Which one of the following is not a lipid?

Glycerol is a

A fatty acid is ______ carbons in length

Triglycerides are very water-soluble.

Canola oil is obtained from plants.

Triglycerides contain three fatty acids.

A fat with one double bond is called

Food containing high amounts of saturated fats include

A saturated fat has no carbon-carbon double bonds.

The phosphate group in a phospholipid

Long hydrocarbon chains in a phospholipid are polar.

Lipid bilayers have channels that allow passage of ions.

Carbohydrates are attached to some membrane proteins.

Waxes are insoluble in water due to the

Cetyl palmitate is found in

Waxes are soft solids.

Beeswax is a natural wax.

The major role of DNA is to

The major role for RNA is to

Friedrich Miescher discovered RNA and DNA in 1869.

DNA and RNA are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

The carbohydrate in DNA is

The carbohydrate in RNA is

In RNA, uracil is replaced by thymine

The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both DNA and RNA.

The DNA molecules consists of two chains wrapped in a double helix.

The genetic code is a series of

One stop code is

Each triplet corresponds to a single amino acid.

Amino acids each have one triplet that designates that amino acid.

There are three stop codes.