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Quiz 3 - Physiology

Total questions: 112

Worksheet time: 28hrs 0mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a)
the fat soluble-vitamins are A, D, E, and K
b)
there is an increase in mitochondrial free radical generation during aerobic exercise
c)
sodium, potassium, and chlorine are major minerals (not trace minerals)
d)
sodium and magnesium represent the chief minerals contained in blood plasms and ECF.
e)
hyponatremia is also known as water intoxication
2.
Which one of these is NOT a function of iron?
a)
Increases blood's oxygen-carrying capacity
b)
Serves as a structural component of myoglobin
c)
Facilitates cellular energy transfer
d)
ects lipid and protein synthesis
3.
True or false: oxidative phosphorylation directly phosphorylates ADP to ATP using one coupled reaction.
a)
true
b)
false
4.
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides _________
a)
glucose + glucose
b)
glucose + fructose
c)
glucose + galactose
d)
fructose + galactose
5.
Oxygen regulates the process of glycolysis by acting as a catalyst in abundance.
a)
true
b)
false
6.
Which of the following about fats is true?
a)
Triacylglcerols (TAGs) are made up of 3 free fatty acids (FFAs) and a glycogen backbone
b)
As exercise duration increases, the use of Fats for fuel also increases
c)
There are more triacylglycerols in the plasma than in the muscle
d)
As exercise intensity increases, CHO and fat reach a crossover point at 45-55% V02 max
7.
Which of the following statements is false?
a)
Fluid loss from sweating strains circulatory function and can cause an increase in blood pressure.
b)
Cholesterol contains no fatty acids.
c)
There are 3 main lipid groups: simple, complex, and compound.
8.
Which of the following is not a role of CHO
a)
Source of Energy
b)
Vitamin carrier and hunger suppressor
c)
Metabolic Primer
d)
Protein sparer
e)
Fuel for CNS
9.
All of the following are known as electrolytes except
a)
Chlorine
b)
Sodium
c)
Potassium
d)
Phosphorus
10.
The body's normal daily water variation is also known as:
a)
Hypohydration
b)
Euhydration
c)
Metabolic Water
d)
Dehydration
11.
Which of the following are recommended ways to reduce amenorrhea in female athletes?
a)
Reduce Training Level by 10 - 20%
b)
Increase iron intake by 3%
c)
Increase calcium intake by 1500 mg daily
d)
Increase body weight by 2% to 3%
12.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the ATP-PCr system?
a)
ATPase
b)
Lactate dehydrogenase
c)
Hexokinase
d)
Creatine kinase
13.
Which of the following statement is not true regarding the electron transport chain (ETC)?
a)
FADH2 has lower potential energy than NADH
b)
hydrogen is the last e- acceptor of the ETC
c)
there are five complexes in the ETC
d)
the ETC is an example of oxidative phosphorylation
14.
Of the following, which are locations in which lipolysis takes place?
a)
Liver
b)
Blood
c)
 Small intestine
d)
Mitochondria
e)
Cytosol of adipocytes
15.
What energy system is used to synthesize ATP during a 100 meter dash? (Hint think about duration of event)
a)
Oxidative
b)
Glycolytic
c)
ATP-PCr
16.
Which of the following is not true about carbohydrates?
a)
Serves as a protein sparer
b)
Source of energy
c)
Vitamin Carrier and hunger suppressor
d)
Fuel for the CNS
17.
All of the following are functions of phosphorus EXCEPT:
a)
Regulates cellular metabolism
b)
Combines with CHO to form phospholipid compounds
c)
Combines with calcium to form compounds that rigidify bones and teeth
d)
Is an essential component of intracellular cAMP and intramuscular ATP-PCr
e)
Buffers acid end products of energy metabolism
18.
During initiation of muscle contractions, Ca2+ is released FROM where?
a)
sarcoplasmic reticulum
b)
sarcolemma
c)
sarcoplasm
d)
troponin
e)
plasmalemma
19.
True or false: Chylomicrons (which are formed in the liver) transport fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K.
a)
true
b)
false
20.
Which of the following statements is false?
a)
cholesterol exists in both animal + plant tissue.
b)
cholesterol is a precursor to vitamin D synthesis and sex hormone synthesis
c)
One of the roles of lipids is that they serve as vitamin carriers/hunger suppressor
d)
glutamine is fuel for the immune system
21.
True or False: Amino acids, if excess, can be converted to TAGS for storage in adipocytes.
a)
true
b)
false
22.
Which of the following does not make up an amino acid?
a)
R group
b)
Carboxyl group
c)
Amine group
d)
phosphorous group
23.

True or false? In the relaxed state, after a muscle contraction has already occurred, ADP + Pi are still bound to the myosin head.

a)

true

b)

false

24.

Which choice is not part of the sliding filament theory and muscle contraction?

a)

Troponin pulls tropomyosin off of G-actin’s myosin binding site during the initiation of muscle contraction

b)

ADP is released from myosin heads after they drag actin towards the M-line

c)

New ATP binds to the actin heads in the sliding filament theory

d)

During relaxation, calcium leaves troponin and is actively pumped back to the SR

25.

Which is true about PCr

a)

It fuels max intensity exercise for 30 seconds before reserves run out

b)

Cells store 4-6x more versus ATP

c)

The reaction is driven by hormone sensitive lipase

d)

Cellular [PCr] are restored slowly during rest/recovery. It takes about 5 minutes to restore the concentration to 50 percent with aerobic metabolism

26.

Which of the muscle fiber type has the highest capillary density, slow to fatigue, and slow to contract?

a)

Type I

b)

Type IIa

c)

Type IIb

d)

Type IIx

27.
What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis
a)
Glycogen phosphorylase
b)
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
c)
Citrate synthase
d)
ATP synthase
e)
Hormone sensitive lipase
28.

What macronutrient substrate(s) whose stored energy generates ATP anaerobically?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

29.
Which muscle fiber type contains the highest amount of PFK?
a)
Type I
b)
Type Iia
c)
Type Iix
30.
True or False- During the rigor stage of the sliding filament cycle, the Myosin head is in its cocked 90° position.
a)
true
b)
false
31.
Fatty acids contribute to glucose synthesis
a)
true
b)
false
32.
Complete fatty acid oxidation is regulated by the oxaloacetate/pyruvate pathway
a)
true
b)
false
33.
Which muscle fiber type is paired with the correct information?
a)
Type I fibers use creatine phosphate and glycogen as their major storage fuel
b)
Type IIx fibers have a low glycolytic capacity 
c)
Type IIx fibers are used for short-term anaerobic activities 
d)
Type I fibers have a large motor neuron
e)
Type I fibers play an important role in change-of-pace sports like basketball or field hockey 
34.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a Type I muscle fiber? 
a)
explosive activities, fatigue resistance low 
b)
endurance activities, fatigue resistance high 
c)
explosive activities, fatigue resistance high
d)
endurance activities, fatigue resistance low 
35.

Which B vitamins are involved in complete oxidation of fatty acids?

a)

B1

b)

B2

c)

B3

d)

B5

e)

B6

36.
Enzymes work by decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product
a)
true
b)
false
37.
When calcium enters a muscle cell, which of the following is not happening?
a)
Muscle is changing length, either shortening or lengthening
b)
Ca binds to tropomyosin to prepare the actin for cross bridge recycling
c)
AP travels down T-tubules to stimulate muscle cell
d)
Contraction only when ATP molecules are present
38.
Which word describes glycogen synthesis?
a)
glycolysis
b)
glycogenesis
c)
gluconeogenesis
d)
glycogenolysis
39.
Which event would occur if body did not have any carbohydrates during exercise?
a)
Ketone bodies would accumulate without enough pyruvate molecules present
b)
Fats would begin going through glycolysis to create ATP
c)
Body would stimulate adipocytes to release more blood glucose
d)
Fats would continue going through Krebs, ATP produced at slower rate
40.
What role do calcium ions play in the sliding filament theory?
a)
Binds to troponin-tropomyosin in actin filaments, allowing the bonding between actin and myosin
b)
Releases the myosin head to the "cocked" position, allowing it to bond again
c)
Is the primary ion released by neuron fibers signaling the muscle to begin contraction.
d)
Facilitates the bonding of extra P to ADP to create additional ATP, creating an energy crossbridge between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems
41.

Which of the following statements is false?

a)

oxidative stress increases during intense PA or exercise due to increased mitochondrial free-radical generation

b)

vitamin-mineral deficiencies often occur in low energy intake or weight category athletes

c)

vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme commonly used in deamination

d)

vitamin B2 riboflavin facilitates conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-coA

e)

calcium combines with phosphorus to form bones and teeth

42.
Cholesterol is a precursor to all of the following except:
a)
vitamin D synthesis
b)
adrenal gland hormones
c)
blood clotting agents
d)
sex hormones
43.
Which of the following is not a regulatory factor of glycolysis?
a)
hexokinase
b)
pyruvate kinase
c)
glycogen phosphorylase
d)
succinate dehydrogenase
e)
phosphofructokinase
44.
All of the following are true EXCEPT:
a)
Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid from pyruvate
b)
Esterification occurs in the cytosol of muscle cells
c)
An increase in sustained CV training leads to more intramuscular TAG storage
d)
Magnesium facilitates muscle and liver glycogen formation
45.
True or False: Vitamins B-complex, D, and K reduce the potential for free radical damage and protect against heart disease and some types of cancer.
a)
true
b)
false
46.
In low carb diets, most of the weight loss is due to:
a)
Carbohydrates
b)
Fats
c)
Proteins
d)
Water
47.
What are the rate limiting enzymes for glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
a)
Phosphoglycerate Kinase for glycolysis; citrate synthase for Krebs
b)
 Phosphofructokinase for glycolysis; citrate synthase for Krebs
c)
Phosphoglycerate Kinase for glycolysis, Aconitase for Krebs
d)
Phosphofructokinase for glycolysis, Aconitase for Krebs
48.
The bioavailability of iron is higher from which source?
a)
Heme
b)
Nonheme
49.
Which of the following is not a principle Oligosaccaride?
a)
Sucrose
b)
Lactose
c)
Maltose
d)
Fructose
50.
Which of the following fuel sources for ATP generation is false?
a)
Blood glucose derived from the liver
b)
Proteins derived from amino acids in the muscle
c)
Phosphorylation of ADP by PCr
d)
Anaerobic reactions in the cytosol during glucose breakdown
51.
What is true about Type IIx fiber?
a)
Its mitochondrial density is high
b)
Its contraction speed is moderate to high compare to Type I and Type Iia
c)
It is mainly activated when you run a marathon
d)
It is fastest to fatigue among muscle fiber types
52.

which of the following enzymes is NOT a glycolysis regulating enzyme?

a)

Pyruvate kinase

b)

PFK

c)

Citrate synthase

d)

glycogen phosphorylaseglycogen phosphorylase

53.
Which of the mineral deficiency (moderately low) causes decrease in salt sensitivity, arterial stiffness, myocardial thickening, and high blood pressure?
a)
Calcium
b)
Potassium 
c)
IronIron
d)
Magnesium
54.
Gluconeogenesis is able to create glucose out of which of the following? Select all that apply.
a)
amino acids
b)
glycerol
c)
pyruvate
d)
lactate
55.
Which of the following answers best describes the adenylate kinase reaction?
a)
ATP => ADP + Pi + energy
b)
ADP + AMP = ATP
c)
ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP
d)
ADP + Pi + energy = ATP
56.
What are the primary sites for glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenesis respectively?
a)
Liver, liver, liver
b)
Cytosol, cytosol, cytosol
c)
Cytosol, liver, liver
d)
Liver, cytosol, cytosol
e)
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
57.
True or false: Pennate muscles are able to generate a greater amount of force than fusiform muscles due to the number of fibers per cross sectional area.
a)
true
b)
false
58.
Which of the following terms describes the breakdown of ATP:
a)
catabolic
b)
endergonic
c)
hydrolytic
d)
exothermic
59.
True or False: Cells store more ATP than PCr
a)
true
b)
false
60.
Which of the following is the main source of fuel that is sent to the liver in a fasted state?
a)
glucose
b)
fatty acids
c)
amino acids
d)
oxaloacetate
61.
Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the Electron Transport Chain.
a)
true
b)
false
62.
Which is enzyme is not involved in slow glycolysis?
a)
Glycogen Phosphorylase
b)
Phosphofructokinase
c)
Lactate Dehydrogenase
d)
Hexokinase
63.
Which of these is a benefit a trained muscles gains from increased capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio?
a)
Increase removal of metabolic by products
b)
Increase removal of heat
c)
Facilitates delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
d)
All of the above
64.

What are the final products of glycolysis of a glucose molecule?

a)

the formation of 4 ATP

b)

the production of an acetyl coA enzyme

c)

2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules on NADH+, 2 H2O and a net gain of 2 ATP

d)

2 molecules of lactate, 2 molecules of FAD, and a net gain of 2 ATP

65.

What is metabolic rate determined by?

a)

Substrate quality

b)

Rate of heat production

c)

Rate of Calorie production

d)

Rate of VO2 production

66.

What is the primary reason given for ATP being stored in small quantities?

a)

ATP is a dense molecule, which makes it impractical to store in cells

b)

It is easier for homeostatic equilibrium to be noticeably disrupted, which signals energy path ways to open up.

c)

Creatine is a more stable molecule, so it is preferable to keep this molecule banked instead of ATP.

d)

Glycolytic energy path ways require enzymes that only function in a PH where ATP isn't as stable.

e)

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell

67.

The chemical breakdown of a compound with water is known as:

(a)  

68.

How many carbons does glucose have?

a)

6

b)

7

c)

8

d)

9

e)

4

69.

The most common dietary disaccharide is

a)

Fructose

b)

Lactose

c)

Sucrose

d)

Maltose

e)

Galactose

70.

The ratio of glycogen stored in muscle to glycogen stored in liver is approximately

a)

1:4

b)

1:2

c)

4:1

d)

2:1

e)

6:1

71.

During Anaerobic glycolysis, (a)   are the sole source of ATP re-synthesis

72.

The products of anaerobic glycolysis for a molecule of glucose are

a)

2 pyruvate

b)

2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

c)

2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

d)

2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

e)

2 Lactate

73.

The process of Triacylglycerol synthesis is known as

(a)  

74.

What regulates lipolysis?

a)

hormone-sensitive lipase

b)

lipohydrolase

c)

glucagon

d)

insulin

75.

What do we use as a practical indicator of ATP generation and use in cells?

a)

Heat

b)

Hormone regulation

c)

VO2

d)

Blood glucose

76.

The first step of glycolysis for a molecule of blood glucose requires an investment of 1 ATP. Why?

a)

Active transport across the capillary wall.

b)

Blood glucose is a more complex molecule.

c)

To unbind the glucose molecule from it's transport.

d)

To cleave the extra carbon off it's carbon skeleton for easier processing into pyruvate.

77.

All of the following are main functions of phospholipids EXCEPT

a)

Modulate fluid movement across cell membranes.

b)

Maintain structural integrity in cells.

c)

Blood clotting role.

d)

Provides structural integrity to insulating sheaths of nerve fibers.

e)

Metabolism indicator for lipolysis.

78.

All of the following are a type of lipoprotein EXCEPT

a)

Chylomicrons.

b)

High-Density Lipids (HDLs)

c)

Low-Density Lipids (LDLs)

d)

Very Low-Density Lipids (VLDLs)

e)

Very High-Density Lipids (VHDLs)

79.

Name the lipoprotein that provides a negative health risk in higher concentration.

(a)  

80.

Name the lipoprotein that is formed in the liver, and transports fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

(a)  

81.

Select the lipoproteins that are an indicator of health risks in higher concentrations.

a)

Chylomicrons

b)

HDLs

c)

LDLs

d)

VLDLs

e)

VHDLs

82.

True or False, Cholesterol is produced in the walls of arteries, in addition to the small intestines and liver.

a)

TRUE

b)

FALSE

83.

What is the significance of an essential amino acid?

a)

These are amino acids we are unable to synthesize for ourselves, so we must ingest them.

b)

They are amino acids we can synthesize for ourselves through transamination.

c)

They are amino acids we can synthesize for ourselves through deamination.

d)

They are part of this balanced nutritious breakfast.

e)

They are biproducts of being in a ketogenic state.

84.

In most humans, how many essential amino acids are there?

(a)  

85.

What type of protein contains all the amino acids in the correct quantity and/or ratio?

(a)  

86.

Which of the following are some symptoms someone who eats 0.8g of protein per lb of bodyweight might endure?

a)

0.8g of protein per lb of bodyweight is the RDA for protein, so we would expect to see no symptoms.

b)

Excessive urination

c)

Kidney damage

d)

Low PH levels (Ketosis)

e)

Muscle Anabolism

87.

What is the carrier group that is typically associated with glutamate in transamination?

a)

Alpha ketogluterate

b)

Pyruvate

c)

Aspartate

d)

oxaloacetate

88.

Which vitamin is required by the catalyst for transamination reactions?

a)

C

b)

D

c)

B6

d)

B3

e)

K

89.

Which of the following are TRUE of fat soluble vitamins?

a)

They are toxic in high concentrations

b)

Symptoms of deficiency can take years to manifest.

c)

Excess vitamins will be urinated out.

d)

They are hunger suppressers.

90.

Which vitamin facilitates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

a)

B1

b)

B2

c)

B3

d)

B6

e)

C

91.

Which vitamin is a coenzyme to NAD?

a)

B1

b)

B2

c)

B3

d)

B6

e)

C

92.

Which Vitamin is a coenzyme to FAD?

a)

B1

b)

B2

c)

B3

d)

B6

e)

C

93.

Which vitamin is a scavenger for free radicals in the body?

a)

B1

b)

B2

c)

B3

d)

B6

e)

C

94.

Each of the following are a characteristic of magnesium EXCEPT

a)

Facilitates glycogenesis

b)

Serves as a cofactor in glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown

c)

Acts as an electrolyte to maintain blood pressure

d)

Affects lipid and protein synthesis

e)

Binds with calcium to fortify bones and teeth

95.

Select the locations where iron is stored

a)

Bone marrow

b)

Liver

c)

Spleen

d)

Hemoglobin

e)

Myoglobin

96.

The two storage forms of iron in the body are ferritin and (a)   .

97.

From the following options, select the symptoms of Anemia:

a)

Loss of appetite

b)

Pale skin

c)

Sore tongue

d)

Dizziness

e)

Fatigue

98.

During bouts of long, intense endurance activity and heat, what mineral must be monitored to make sure a deficiency is not developed?

a)

Phosphorus

b)

Iron

c)

Magnesium

d)

Calcium

99.

Which vitamin can aid in nonheme iron absorption

a)

C

b)

B1

c)

B3

d)

B6

100.

Pick the option with macronutrients organized by caloric value, in ascending order:

a)

CHO, Protein, Alcohol, Fat

b)

CHO, Alcohol, Protein, Fat

c)

Fat, Protein, CHO, Alcohol

d)

Alcohol, CHO, Protein, Fat

101.

What is the difference between the Gross energy value of a food and the Net energy value of a food?

a)

Gross energy is combustion outside the body, net is inside the body

b)

Net energy is combustion outside the body, gross is inside the body

c)

Gross energy combustion is only lipid combustion, while Net energy is all macro nutrients

d)

Net energy combustion is only lipid combustion, while Gross energy is all macro nutrients

102.

How do enzymes work to facilitate reactions?

a)

By reducing the activation energy needed to begin.

b)

By reducing the energy released.

c)

By reducing the number of substrates required.

d)

By raising body temperature to increase heat.

103.

Select the complex numbers that are hydrogen pumps NADH and FADH2 activate in the Electron Transport Chain:

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

e)

5

104.

Select possible products of deaminated glucogenic amino acids:

a)

Pyruvate

b)

Malate

c)

Oxaloacetate

d)

Alanine

e)

Acetoacetate

105.

Select possible products of deaminated ketogenic amino acids:

a)

Acetyl CoA

b)

Acetoacetate

c)

Oxaloacetate

d)

Alanine

e)

Pyruvate

106.

Pennate fibers gain their considerable power from their many fibers running parallel to the muscle's long axis

a)

TRUE

b)

FALSE

107.

Which statement is false about how proteins are metabolized for energy?

a)

The muscle cell uses deamination to form carbon skeleton byproducts from donor amino acids

b)

The liver uses deamination to form glucose via gluconeogenesis

c)

The liver uses deamination to form lipids via acetyl coA

d)

The muscle cell uses deamination to form lipids via glycerol

108.

Select the correct order of muscle cell structures, going from superficial to deep:

a)

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Sarcolemma

b)

Epimysium, Endomysium, Perimysium, Sarcolemma

c)

Perimysium, Epimysium, Endomysium, Sarcolemma

d)

Perimysium, Endomysium, Epimysium, Sarcolemma

109.

Which of the following structures serves as an anchor for Myosin?

a)

M band

b)

Z line

c)

I band

d)

Z band

e)

M Line

110.

Which of the following structures serves as the anchor for actin?

a)

Z band

b)

Z line

c)

M band

d)

M line

e)

I band

111.

How many M band(s) are/is there, and how many Z Line(s) are/is there in one muscle cell?

a)

1 M band, 2 Z lines

b)

2 M bands, 2 Z lines

c)

2 M bands, 1 Z lines

d)

1 M band, 1 Z line

112.

What purpose to T Tubules serve?

a)

Spreads action potential to inner cells of muscle fibers.

b)

Serves as an anchor for Actin

c)

Serves as an anchor for Myosin

d)

Serves as a binding site for Tropomyosin

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