Maternal diabetes, either type l or ll, results in an increased incidence of fetal anomalies.

Although it is seen in 1 in 8,000 live births, 98% of ___ conceptions result in miscarriage.

What is hemoglobin molecule in the blood responsible for?

The most common acquired thrombophilia is

The effect of viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections on the fetus does not depend on gestational age of the fetus.

Multiple gestations in general are considered high-risk pregnancies, accounting for almost 10% of all perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Single in upper body and double in lower body, or joined by some body part is a classification of what type of conjoined twin?

The addition of genetic information to the chromosome, which occurs during meiosis is called:

Although most cases are sporadic with normal karotypes, ____ to ____ are autosomal dominant in nature and demonstrates translocations, inversions, and/or duplications of chromosome 11.

Umbilical Doppler waveforms should be taken when:

Apert syndrome is characterized by:

Perinatal infections account for 2% to 3% of all congenital anomalies.

What is the acronym VACTERAL stand for?

What bacterial infection increases prematurity?

What 3 chromosomal abnormalities increases a fetus’s risk for IUGR?

Preeclampsia is described as hypertension, and protein in the urine, occurring during pregnancy.

The most apparent ultrasound finding with Aicardi syndrome is ectopic cordis.

A common cause of IUGR is what?

What is the transmission of the genetic code from parent to offspring?

A glucose tolerance test is normally performed between weeks 24 and 28.

What two categories can IUGR be classified in?

Adverse effects of growth restrictions occur during both the prenatal and post natal life.

In what weeks should a woman undergo biochemical screening if it not done in the first trimester?

Macroglossia, anterior wall defects, hypoglycemia at birth, macrosmia, hemihyperplasia are findings of what syndrome?

The most apparent ultrasound finding with Aicardi syndrome is agenesis of corpus callosum .

How are maternal infections passed to the fetus?

_____ Is done with fetal growth assessments, NST, BPP, Doppler, and amniotic fluid volume.

What does XX means?

Results in two cells with half the normal haploid number of chromosomes.

Cyanotic heart disease results in premature birth, IUGR, and miscarriages, because?

When there is a higher risk IUGR, ultrasound should be the primary modality used to screen for fetal growth abnormalities.

What does BPP stand for?

Meckel-Gruber syndrome is rare and characterized by:

An IUGR fetus is defined as a sonography EFW less than the ______ percentile for gestational age.

________ results in two cells with the normal haploid number of chromosomes.

_________ is a grouping of 5 maternal infections related to congenital anomalies

All of the following measurements calculate EFW except:

Holt-Oram Syndrome is characterized by:

Toxemia of pregnancy is a second-trimester disease characterize by maternal edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and central nervous system irritability.

Heparin can have what effect on a fetus:

Maternal hypertension in pregnancy is one of the leading causes of IUGR.

After 20 weeks of gestation, a fundal height difference greater than _____ cm is suspicious for growth restriction?

Absence of 1 of the two sex chromosomes is known as ________?

Triploidy is the Lack of an extra set of chromosomes?

The major physiologic function of the placenta is to exchange gas, nutients, love product between the maternal and fetal circulations.

The major physiologic function of the placenta is to exchange gas, nutrients, and waste between the maternal and fetal circulations.

A battledore placenta refers to the insertion of the umbilical cord ___________ of the placenta.

A chorioangioma appears as a solid or complex circumscribed mass protruding from the fetal surface of the placenta.

The yolk sac has diminished to less than 5 mm in diameter by 9 weeks

Complications of placenta previa may include

Membranous insertion of the umbilical cord refers to:

A paraumbilical defect (usually on the right) involving all layers of the abdominal wall is called gastrochisis.

If a single umbilical artery is seen, the sonographer should search for which one of the following?

Craniosynostosis may be defined as which one of the following?

The most common neck mass is the cystic hygroma colli (lymphatic obstruction).

A vein of Galen aneurysm is a sporadic event, demonstrating an enlarged vein communicating with a normal artery.

Menigomyeloceles are associated with

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is associate with

Arnold-Chiari malformation demonstrates a ______cerebellum and scalloping frontal bones producing a ______ head.

Renal agenesis means a virtual absence of one or both kidneys.

Out of the three types of holoprosencephaly, which is most severe?

Meckel-Gruber syndrome is characterized by an encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys.

Herniation through the foramen of Bochdalek is usually found on which portion of the diaphragm?

The supernumerary lobe of the lung is called which one of the following?

The adequacy of pulmonary development is probably the single least important determination for fetal viability.

NIH is a group of conditions where hydrops is in the fetus but is not a result of fetomaternal blood incompatibility.

The arterial blood of one twin pumped into the venous system of the other twin is called:

The division of a fertilized egg 4 to 8 days after fertilization demonstrates:

_______ is a monochorionic twin pregnancy where one fetus develops w/o a heart or upper body?

Predictors of discordance in the growth of twins include all except which one of the following?

U/S findings of fetal hydrops in an isoimmunized pregnancy include scalp edema, pleural effusion, & a thinning placenta

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM):

On ultrasound, the characteristics appearance of a degenerating leiomyoma is ___.

In which of the following structures would a Gartner's duct cyst be found?

In postmenopausal patients, an endometrial thickness of less than __mm reliably excludes an EM abnormality.

In a patient after a hysterectomy, the normal vaginal cuff should not exceed __ centimeters (cm).

Endometrial hypoplasia develops from which one of the following?

Complications in delivery may occur w/ pregnancy if a fibroid is located in/near which one of the following structures

A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as which one of the following conditions?

A 3-day postpartum woman c/o intense pelvic pain. Sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic w/ an irregular EM.

Which one of the following sonographic characteristics is the most common finding in endometrial carcinoma?

Which one of the following is the most common site for a leiomyoma to occur?

The thickened of the endometrium should be measured in which of the following planes?

The size and shape of the normal uterus are related to all of the following except:

The most common cause of uterine calcification is which one of the following?

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America.

Sirenomelia is an anomaly where fusion of the _______ occurs:

Which one of the following anomalies is caused by an alkaline phosphatase deficiency?

__________demonstrates multiple fractures with hypomineralization of bone causing compression of the calvarium.

Rhizomelia is a shortening of the proximal portion of the extremity.

_______ is associate with cloverleaf skull.

Another name for talipes is _______.

Another name for Autosomal Recessive Polycystic kidney Disease is:

Which one of the following conditions develops if the lumen of the allantois persists while the urachus forms?

Renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, and malformed hands & feet may be found in Potter's syndrome

_______demonstrates a “keyhole” appearance on ultrasound.

A sonolucent band identified near the fetal anterior abdominal wall represents pseudoascites

VACTERL is a group of anomalies associated with which atresia?

"Double bubble" sign in Trisomy 21 fetus represents ___________.

Meckel diverticulum is a remnant of the proximal part of the yolk sac that fails to degenerate & disappear.

The most dramatic finding in ectopia cordis is the presence of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity.

The herniation of an omphalocele is covered by a membrane that consists of the __________ and __________.

Pentalogy of Cantrell has 5 defects: omphalocele,ectopia cordis,distal sternum defect,diaphragmatic hernia & pericardium

An anomaly w/ large cranial defects, facial cleft, large body-wall defects, and limb abnormalities is called:

Cloacal exstrophy is a defect in the lower abdominal wall and anterior wall of the urinary bladder.

A 19-week fetus with elevated MSAFP shows herniated, free-floating bowel loops, which most likely represent a(n)

The normal fetal lungs appear on ultrasound as which one of the following?

Dandy-Walker malformation has post. fossa cyst, splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres, & agenesis of cerebellar vermis

Anencephaly is the most common open neural tube defect.

________ is the destruction of the cerebral hemispheres by the occlusion of the internal carotid arteries

______ are scars within the uterus, secondary to previous gynecologic surgery