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WorksheetsBio exam 1
Total questions: 115
Worksheet time: 58mins
Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
population, ecosystem, organism, community
organism, population, community, ecosystem
community, ecosystem, organism, population
organism, community, population, ecosystem
ecosystem, community, population, organism
The specific abiotic factors defining a biome are ____.
I) annual variation in temperature and precipitation
II) average annual temperature and moisture levels
III) maximum annual temperature and moisture levels
IV) maximum annual temperatures, moisture levels, and average annual temperature
only I, II, and IV
only II, III, and IV
only III and IV
only I, II, and III
only I and II
The total amount of water on the Earth ____ from year to year and the hydrologic cycle ____.
stays about the same; moves it from one place to another place
increases; captures it from the incoming solar radiation
decreases; moves it into the atmosphere
increases; gains water from the Earth's interior
decreases; moves it from one place to another place
The hydrologic compartment that contains the greatest amount of fresh water is ____.
ice and snow
clouds in the atmosphere
groundwater
the Great Lakes
living organisms and biomass
What would happen to the seasons if the Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?
Winters and summers would be less severe.
The seasons would be shorter.
No change would happen to the seasons
Winters and summers would be more severe.
The seasons would disappear.
Which of the following biomes has the highest variation in annual temperature?
boreal forests or taiga
temperate forests
arctic tundra
temperate grasslands
subtropical deserts
An ecosystems ecologist studies sockeye salmon. Which of the following variables of study are relevant at this level?
Presence of ticks and associated diseases in Canada due to climate change
Number of eggs produced by females
Prey species in gut contents of salmon
Decomposition rate of salmon in different streams
Migration pathways of individuals
As global warming continues, scientists predict that the range of the sugar maple tree will ____.
migrate northward
expand dramatically
remain basically unchanged
shrink or become extinct
lead to speciation
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
An average monthly temperature increase of as little as 1 ºC can cause plants to bloom several days earlier than average.
The average first-flowering date for summer-blooming plants is occurring later than it did 50 years ago.
The average first-flowering date for spring-blooming plants has been unaffected by warming temperatures.
Plants that are blossoming earlier are also keeping their blossoms longer.
Early blooming is likely only occurring in a few tree species.
The increase in carbon dioxide levels correlates with an increase in Earth’s ____.
ozone layer
surface temperature
number of El Niños
snow-covered areas
volcanic activity
Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?
Most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores.
Primary producers have energy stored in indigestible substances.
Digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed.
There is no energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers.
Primary producers cannot produce once eaten.
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities?
predation, competition
temperature, water
precipitation, wind
nutrient availability, soil pH
light intensity, seasonality
An organism is a keystone species if ____.
it is the most abundant species in a community.
its loss would increase the population of other species.
it is important for pollination.
it is important for the survival of angiosperms.
its loss would negatively impact a specific community and ecosystem.
Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?
Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.
Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders.
Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy.
Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.
Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition.
Which of the following consume other living organisms?
I) primary producers
II) herbivores
III) carnivores
IV) decomposers
only I and IV
only I, II, and III
only II and III
only II, III, and IV
only I, II, and IV
Why would a plant species go extinct but an animal species survive when temperature change alters a habitat?
Animals evolve more quickly than plants.
Animals are more mobile than plants.
Plants are less tolerant of rapid temperature changes.
This statement is not true for all known plant and animal species.
Animals are more adaptable than plants.
Which plant grouping relies heavily on bee or insect pollination?
gymnosperms
mosses
angiosperms
ferns
bryophytes
The Aleutian Islands are an island chain in Alaska. All of the polar bears, seals, fish species, whales, seabirds and Aleuts in the Aleutian Islands make up a(n) ____.
tribe
community
island ecosystem
island system population
population
The competitive exclusion principle states that ____.
two species with the same niche will constantly be competing for resources
it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region
it is not possible for two species to compete for the same resources
two species are infectious biological agents using the same host species
two species with different niches will not compete for the same resources
Detritivores ____.
may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into carbon dioxide and water
convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers
synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers
recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants?
commensalism
parasitism
mutualism
consumption
cooperation
Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population?
Commensalism
Facilitation
Mutualism
Competition
Consumption
Which would be the best way to directly test the hypothesis that Chthamalus stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by Semibalanus balanoides (another species of barnacle)?
Remove all S. balanoides from the lower intertidal zone.
Remove all C. stellatus from the upper tidal zone.
Place individuals of each species in a jar and see which species survives.
Clear rocks in an entire area and document recolonization events.
Transplant S. balanoides to the upper intertidal zone.
The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack?
+/+
+/-
-/-
+/o
o/o
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____.
resource partitioning
pathogenic mutualism
character displacement
facultative commensalism
Batesian mimicry
A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics?
I) inhabiting the same general area
II) belonging to the same species
III) possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion
I and II only
I only
III only
I, II, and III
II and III only
An ecologist recorded twelve white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer in one woodlot and twenty per square kilometer in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
carrying capacity
range
dispersion
cohorts
density
Which of the following choices would most likely promote random distribution?
species that secrete chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals
flocking and schooling behaviors
spacing during the breeding season
territorial species
homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is called _____.
demography
community ecology
populism
immigration biology
logistic growth
Suppose researchers marked 1000 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size?
4000
1500
2000
1000
300
Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied?
Counting the number of times a 1-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall.
Counting the number of moss plants in 1-square-meter quadrants.
Counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare.
Counting the number of elephants in Africa.
Counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare.
Carrying capacity is _____.
the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources
the maximum population size that a particular environment can support
fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time
determined by density and dispersion data
seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast ocean resources of the ocean
Which environmental factors impact the stability of the mutualistic relationship between corals and their photosynthetic protists?
Ocean cooling and decreased nutrient levels
Coral-reef communities and changing precipitation patterns
Increased sunlight exposure and higher salinity
Overfishing and decreased salinity
Nutrient runoff, ocean warming, and ocean acidification
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year.
400 individuals added
20 individuals lost
120 individuals added
40 individuals added
20 individuals added
Given that fertility rate is defined as each woman producing exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offspring's father, if the fertility rate is sustained for a generation, then _____
0 < r < 1
r = 0 and there is zero population growth
r > 1
population size is at carrying capacity
r = 1
Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community?
I) determining how many species are present overall
II) determining which particular species are present
III) determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species
IV) determining the relative abundance of species
only II and IV
only I and III
only I, II, and III
I, II, III, and IV
only II, III, and IV
What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?
Isolated populations become more fit.
Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.
Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make microevolution possible.
Genetic diversity allows for species stability by preventing speciation.
The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion.
If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep the species from going extinct?
I. Genetic diversity
II. Species diversity
III. Ecosystem diversity
I, II, and III
Only III
Only I
Only II
I and III
With regard to the destruction of tropical forests, the focus is often on biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved?
The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.
This diversity could contain undocumented insect species.
The plant diversity provides shade, which lowers global warming.
Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats.
There is actually no direct benefit of tropical forests to humans.
Which of the following criteria must be met for a species to qualify as invasive?
Introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species
Endemic to the area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species
Endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species
Endemic to the area, using a significant amount of water resources
Introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces other invasive species
Which of the following is an acellular biological entity?
Helminths
Protists
Fungi
Prions
Bacteria
Which statement describes a typical prokaryotic cell?
It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
It has multiple organelles, such as nuclei, vacuoles, and lysosomes.
It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles, and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have asule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleus containing genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Fungi
Archaea and Planta
Eukarya and Archaea
Bacteria and Protista
Microbiologists use the Gram stain to aid in the identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Presence or absence of unsaturated fatty acids in the cytoplasmic membrane
Presence or absence of proteins in the cell wall
Presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Structure of nucleic acids in the nucleus
Presence or absence of outer plasma membrane
A bacterium was grown in two test tubes filled with media rich in glucose. One tube was sealed to produce anaerobic conditions, and the other was not. A third uninoculated, unsealed tube was used as a control. Glucose utilization by this bacterium causes acid production, which is indicated by a lightening of the media color. If the bacterium is able to produce ATP only by aerobic respiration, we expect lightening of media in _____.
the unsealed tube only
the control tube only
the sealed and unsealed tubes only
all three tubes
the sealed tube only
Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____.
the way that they catabolize fatty acids
their sources of energy
the way that they generate ATP
their electron acceptors
their mode of nutrition
When some bacteria use lactose as a source of energy, they produce propionic acid and carbon dioxide. What is the name for this process?
Fermentation
Fermentation
Cellular respiration
Chemical synthesis
Photosynthesis
A prokaryote that obtains energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms is a(n) _____.
heterotroph and chemotroph
chemotroph
autotroph
autotroph and phototroph
autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph
Which three foods use prokaryotes in their processing?
Wine, bread, and butter
C
Wine, bread, and butter
Coffee, milk, and sour creme
Milk, wine, and beer
Cheese, yogurt, and bread
Cheese, yogurt, and milk
Identify and discuss a bacterial disease that caused a historically important plague or epidemic. What is the modern distribution of this disease?
Bubonic plague is a viral disease, which is eradicated worldwide since 1946.
Bubonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, was a pandemic that occurred in the 14th century. In modern times, there are about 1,000 to 3,000 cases of bubonic plague each year. The bacterium responds well to modern antibiotics.
Bubonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, was a pandemic that occurred in the 14th century. In modern times, there are only about 100 cases of bubonic plague each year. The bacterium responds well to modern antibiotics.
Pneumonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, was a pandemic that occurred in the 14th century. In modern times, there are about 1,000 to 3,000 cases of pneumonic plague each year. The bacterium responds well to modern antibiotics.
Bubonic plague, caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, was a pandemic that occurred in the 14th century. In modern times, there are about 1,000 to 3,000 cases of bubonic plague each year. The bacterium responds well to modern antibiotics.
Three basic prokaryotic categories are cocci, spirilli, and bacilli. What are the basic structural features of each category?
All cocci are Gram-negative bacteria, while all spirilli and bacilli are Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, cocci differ from spirilli and bacilli in the general chemical composition of their cell walls.
Cocci and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, a flagellum for locomotion, and pili for attachment. Bacilli are rod shaped which contain ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material.
These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and nucleoid region with genetic material. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region with chromosomes. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
Bacilli and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, a flagellum for locomotion, and pili for attachment. Cocci are spherical, containing ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material.
What is the relationship between Earth’s ancient atmosphere and the evolution of some of the first life-forms on Earth? Use the terms anaerobic and phototrophic, and explain the effect of cyanobacteria on the atmosphere.
Phototrophic organisms appeared during the first 2 billion years of Earth’s existence. Anaerobic organisms appeared within 1 billion years of Earth’s formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
For the first 2 billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Cyanobacteria appeared within 1 billion years of Earth’s formation. From these evolved the phototrophic organisms that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
For the first 2 billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Phototrophic organisms appeared within 1 billion years of Earth’s formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
For the first 2 billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere, appeared within 1 billion years of Earth’s formation. From these organisms evolved phototrophic organisms.
Anaerobic organisms were the first form of life about 3 billion years ago. They produced carbon dioxide that accumulated in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide was then used by phototrophic organisms that appeared about 1.5 billion years ago to produce larger carbon-containing biomolecules (such as glucose).
You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?
It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.
It forms chains called mycelia.
It lacks cell walls.
You determine that it can cause Lyme disease.
It is an endosymbiont.
If you suddenly and dramatically changed your diet, how might this affect the diversity of prokaryotic species that live in your intestine?
The species abundance increases while the relative species distribution decreases.
The relative species distribution increases while the species abundance decreases.
The diversity would not get altered and would remain the same.
The species abundance and relative distribution may get affected.
The diversity of prokaryotic organisms decreases while the species abundance and relative distribution increases.
A newly discovered organism is found to use sulfide (S2-) for aerobic respiration and use carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air as a source of carbon, much like a plant. This organism must be a _____.
chemoorganoautotroph
chemolithotrophic heterotroph
photoautotroph
chemolithoautotroph
photoheterotroph
Researchers have found a new type of bacteria, and they want to determine its phylum. What would be the most reliable method to do so?
Perform an analysis of metabolic pathways.
Examine the fatty acid composition of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Conduct a Gram-stain test.
Determine the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria.
Analyze the morphological characteristics of the bacteria.
Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces?
1. capsules
2. endospores
3. fimbriae
4. plasmids
5. flagella
3 and 5
1 and 2
2 and 3
3 and 4
1 and 3
Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?
Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein.
The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the nucleolus.
Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.
Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids.
Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle.
Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct?
Their genetic material is confined within vesicles known as plasmids.
Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material.
The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (in other words, sameness).
Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction.
They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis.
The termite gut protist, Mixotricha paradoxa, has at least two kinds of bacteria attached to its outer surface. One kind is a spirochete that propels its host through the termite gut. A second type of bacteria synthesizes ATP, some of which is used by the spirochetes. The locomotion provided by the spirochetes introduces the ATP-producing bacteria to new food sources. Which term(s) is (are) applicable to the relationship between the two kinds of bacteria?
1. mutualism
2. parasitism
3. symbiosis
4. metabolic cooperation
2 and 3
1 only
1 and 2
2, 3, and 4
1, 3, and 4
What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi?
Decomposing dead organisms
Prokaryotic cells
Sedentary lifestyle
Absorbing nutrients
Acquiring nutrition through ingestion
Fungi with hyphae _____.
have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere
are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources
have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils
acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis
reproduce asexually by a process known as budding
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.
the gaseous fungicide is not affecting pathogenic fungi in the soil
the gaseous fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
the fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes
lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed
the sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue
Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi?
flagellated spores
zoospores
cell walls of cellulose
nucleotide sequences of several genes
autotrophic mode of nutrition
Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans?
Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill.
Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection.
Fungi grow and spread much faster in human bodies.
you are given an organism to identify. it has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. what kind of a fungus is this
ascomycete
deuteromucete
zygomycete
basidiomycete
chytrid
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____.
protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
protists are photosynthetic
protists eat bacteria
bacteria are not made of cells
bacteria decompose protists
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?
Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
Fungi release large amounts of carbon dioxide originated from sugars. This carbon dioxide can be detected using NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) sensors.
Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants.
Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.
Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars.
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
water and minerals
antibiotics
carbohydrates
protection from harmful ultraviolet light
fixed nitrogen
Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
predatory
commensal
facilitating
parasitic
mutualistic
predatory
commensal
facilitating
parasitic
mutualistic
The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are _____.
asexual structures that produce haploid spores
neither sexual nor asexual structures
sexual structures that produce diploid spores
asexual structures that produce diploid spores
sexual structures that produce haploid spores
The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true?
1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity.
2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects.
3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults.
4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.
5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes.
3 and 4
1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 4
2 and 5
2, 3 and 5
Consider the following points: (a) All excavates live in environments where oxygen availability is low; (b) all excavates lack mitochondria; and (c) all excavates have some mitochondrial genes. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true of the excavate lineage?
Their ancestors were eukaryotes that existed prior to the origin of mitochondria.
Excavates are in the process of acquiring mitochondria through evolutionary adaptation.
Their ancestors were not able to metabolize glucose.
Excavates use chloroplasts instead of mitochondria.
Their ancestors had mitochondria, but the mitochondria were lost over time.
Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction?
sporophyte → spore fusion → gametophyte → gamete → sporophyte
sporophyte → fusion → spore → gamete → gametophyte
gametophyte → gamete → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gametophyte
gametophyte → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gamete → gametophyte
gamete → fusion → gametophyte → spore → sporophyte → gamete
Which of the following is a producer?
ciliates
kinetoplastid
apicomplexan
oomycete
diatom
A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is _____.
Plasmodium
Entamoeba
Giardia
Paramecium
Trichomonas
Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?
The ability to synthesize organic compounds.
The ability to synthesize inorganic compounds.
The presence of cellulose in the cell wall.
The presence of a light trapping pigment.
The presence of mitochondria within the cell.
Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) ____.
ingesting contaminated water or food
having sex with an infected partner
the bite of a tsetse fly
the saliva of dogs
the bite of a mosquito
Select the disease(s) caused by trypanosomes.
Toxoplasmosis
African sleeping sickness
Trichomoniasis
Malaria
Giardiasis
Which of the following is a catastrophic disturbance?
Nutrient blown away by wind
Phosphorus captured in rock
Heat energy released by animals
Fire burning a forest
What causes seasonality at high latitudes? It is caused ______
by the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun
by carrying warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic and South Pacific
by air rises over warm land and drawing a cool breeze from the water across the land
by surface water in the equatorial Pacific becoming warmer than average and east winds blowing weaker than normal
In which terrestrial regions are boreal forests located?
A) Arctic regions
B) Subarctic regions
C) Temperate regions
D) Tropical regions
Which of the following is a freshwater biome?
A) Estuaries
B) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents
C) Wetlands
D) Coral reefs
______ is the speed at which an ecosystem recovers
equilibrium after being disturbed.
A) Resistance
B) Resilience
C) Reconciliation
D) Retention
Omnivores are organisms that ____.
A) eat producers only
B) eat consumers only
C) eat both, producers and consumers
D) consume litter, debris, and dung
Which biome has the highest total net primary production?
A) Tropical wet forests
B) Boreal forests
C) Wetlands
D) Estuaries
The biogeochemical cycles most relevant to living
organisms are those of ____.
A) water, carbon, iron, copper, and sulfur
B) water, carbon, nitrogen, and calcium
C) carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
D) water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Forming herds is a(n) ______ defense mechanism.
behavioral
mechanical
physiological
chemical
Which of the following type of species relationship is
based on a (-/-) interaction?
Commensalism
Competition
Predation
Facilitation
______ are species that have a strong role in structuring
a community and are able to occupy any trophic level in
a food web
Keystone species
Impact species
Charity species
Foundation species
______ is the initial ecological step after an extreme
disturbance, which usually occurs in an environment
devoid of vegetation and other organisms.
A) Nunc coepi
B) Nova facilitatio
C) Primary succession
D) Secondary succession
On which process does population density (generally) not depend on:
birth
death
emigration
speciation
Which of the following survivorship curves shows high mortality early in life?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Cannot tell from this graph
As shown by the graph below, the human population is experiencing ____ growth.
linear
exponential
logistic
negative
The population pyramid of Singapore is shown below. Therefore, Singapore has a ____ population.
shrinking
stable
exponential
fluctuating
Which term describes the number of different kinds of
organisms within a community or ecosystem?
A) Genetic diversity
B) Species diversity
C) Ecosystem diversity
D) Diversity of life
Which of the following is not a cause of the biodiversity crisis?
A) Controlling infectious diseases
B) Loss of habitats
C) Pollution
D) Overharvesting
Which of the following is not a general category of
ecosystem services?
Provisioning
Supporting
Regulating
Prospecting
A species in imminent danger of extinction is classified by the
U.S. Endangered Species Act as
vulnerable
threatened
endangered
at risk
Which of the following are considered subcellular or acellular
biological entities?
Bacteria
Fungi
Helminths
Viruses
Flukes are classified in the class ______
Cestodes
Trematodes
Nematodes
Basidomycetes
Prions are infectious ______.
A) protein particles
B) DNA molecules
C) RNA molecules
D) bacterial cells
There are ______ fungal species known as human pathogens.
28
149
317
506
Cyanobacteria are ______.
photoautotrophs
photoheterotrophs
chemoautotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
Systematics is the ______.
A) science of identification, classification, and nomenclature
B) evolutionary history of a group of organisms
C) study of the diversity of organisms and their relationships
D) study of the origin of life
Firmicutes are ______ bacteria.
A) high G+C Gram-negative
B) low G+C Gram-negative
C) high G+C Gram-positive
D) low G+C Gram-positive
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of the highly
contagious respiratory infection pertussis. B. pertussis
belongs to the class ______.
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Yeast are unicellular fungi. The vegetative bodies (thalli) of yeasts are small, globular, and composed of a single cell. ______ yeasts divide symmetrically, while ______ yeasts divide
asymmetrically.
A) Budding; meiotic
B) Fission; budding
C) Meiotic; hyphal
D) Dimorphic; fruiting
Which of the following is not a general type of
sexual spores?
Ascospores
Basidiospores
Chytridospores
Zygospores
The causative agent of pityriasis versicolor, a superficial
mycosis, is
A) Malassezia furfur
B) Aspergillus flavus
C) Penicillium citrinum
D) Agaricus campestris
In ______ mycoses, fungi infect internal organs.
superficial
cutaneous
subcutaneous
systemic
Arthropods are considered eukaryotic parasites as ______.
ectoparasites
B) mechanical or biological vectors
C) instigators of allergic responses
D) all of the above
The mode of entry for Leishmaniasis is ______.
A) the mouth
B) an arthropod bite
C) the eye
D) the skin
A reservoir of the foodborne and waterborne disease
amebiasis is infected ______
cattle
cats
humans
wildlife
A ______ is the activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of
certain protozoa.
trophozoite
cyst
schizont
conjugate
