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muscle and nervous system exam review

Total questions: 91

Worksheet time: 49mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

In the contraction cycle, the step where the myosin head swivels towards the center of the sarcomere, pulling the thin filament is called

a)

cross bridge formation

b)

power stroke

c)

release of myosin head

d)

reset myosin head

2.
Which ion links excitation to contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
a)
Sodium
b)
Magnesium
c)
Calcium
d)
Potassium
e)
Chloride
3.
Of the following muscle types, which is the only one subject to conscious control?
a)
1.Smooth
b)
1.Skeletal
c)
1.Cardiac
d)
1.All of these muscle types are subject to conscious control.
4.

•The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular synaptic knob contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter

a)

acetylcholine

b)

•epinephrine.

c)

norepinephrine.

d)

•all of the above

5.
Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after
a)
calcium ion binds to channels on the end plate
b)
•acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate membrane.
c)
•the nerve action potential jumps across the neuromuscular junction.
d)
•Any of the above can produce an action potential in the muscle cell.
6.
•When calcium ion binds to troponin,
a)
•tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
b)
•muscle relaxation occurs.
c)
•myosin shortens.
d)
•actin heads will bind to myosin.
7.
•The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle is the
a)
perimysium.
b)
•endomysium.
c)
superficial fascia
d)
•epimysium.
8.

In the contraction cycle, ATP is required for which step

a)

cross bridge formation

b)

power stroke

c)

release of myosin head

d)

reset myosin head

9.
•In excitation contraction coupling, calcium ions are released from the
a)
•Transverse tubules
b)
•sarcoplasmic reticulum
c)
•sarcolemma
d)
•myofibrils
10.
•In excitation contraction coupling, calcium binds to ______ and signals ____ to move.
a)
•troponin, tropomyosin
b)
•tropomyosin, troponin
c)
•calmodulin, calcitonin
d)
•troponin, calcitonin
11.
If a second stimulus arrives before the muscle completely relaxes, the subsequent contraction produces more force. This is known as
a)
a twitch.
b)
•complete tetanus.
c)
wave summation
d)
•recruitment.
12.

In the contraction cycle, the step where the myosin head binds to the actin is called

a)

cross bridge formation

b)

power stroke

c)

release of myosin head

d)

reset myosin head

13.
A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called
a)
a motor unit.
b)
a myotome.
c)
an end foot.
d)
•an end plate.
14.

The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

a)

recruitment.

b)

•complete tetanus.

c)

incomplete tetanus.

d)

wave summation

15.
The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers shorten is called
a)
concentric isotonic.
b)
eccentric isotonic.
c)
•isometric.
d)
•treppe.
16.
•In which of the following would the motor units have the greatest number of muscle fibers?
a)
finger muscles
b)
•muscles that control the eyes
c)
hand muscles
d)
•postural muscles of the back
17.

In a resting neuron the concentration of _____ is higher inside the cell than outside.

a)

sodium

b)

potassium

c)

calcium

d)

chloride

18.
•Increasing the frequency of action potentials would ______ the force of muscle contraction
a)
•increase
b)
•decrease
c)
•not change
19.
•The quickest source of ATP for skeletal muscles is:
a)
•anaerobic respiration
b)
•aerobic respiration
c)
•creatine phosphate
d)
•glycolysis
20.
Which of the following components accounts for the bulk of muscle fiber volume (up to 80%)?
a)
1.Glycosomes
b)
1.Mitochondria
c)
1.Myofibrils
d)
1.Sarcoplasm
21.
During a muscle contraction, muscle fibers shorten when ________.
a)
actin filaments become shorter when they combine with myosin heads
b)
myosin heads rotate when they attach to actin, causing the myosin filaments to fold in the middle
c)
thin myofilaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by the pivoting of the myosin heads
d)
ACh reduces the friction between thin and thick myofilaments, so they slide over each more easily
22.
At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle contraction initiation event is
a)
1.a release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b)
1.conduction of an electrical impulse down the T tubules
c)
1.binding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma
d)
1.sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other
23.

In a resting neuron the concentration of _____ is higher outside the cell than inside.

a)

sodium

b)

potassium

c)

calcium

d)

chloride

24.
The time period between action potential initiation and mechanical activity of a muscle fiber is called the
a)
1.latent period
b)
1.refractory period
c)
1.action potential
d)
1.excitation period
25.
Small precise movements are controlled by ______ motor units.
a)
1.small
b)
1.large
c)
1.many
d)
1.few
26.

which of the following are functions of muscle? select all that apply

a)

regulate elimination of materials

b)

protect and support

c)

maintain posture

d)

move the body

e)

produce heat

27.

which has a shorter duration?

a)

action potential

b)

graded potential

28.

which of the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle? select all that apply

a)

excitability

b)

conductivity

c)

contractility

d)

extensibillity

e)

elasticity

29.

which is self regenerating?

a)

action potential

b)

graded potential

30.

the connective tissue layer around a single muscle cell is called

a)

epimysium

b)

perimysium

c)

endomysium

d)

aponeurosis

31.
Corpses usually exhibit rigor mortis because __________.
a)
1.ATP hydrolysis is stimulating myosin head attachment to actin
b)
1.a lack of ATP hydrolysis prevents myosin head detachment from actin
c)
1.calcium stores become deficient
d)
1.sodium stores become deficient
32.

In a resting neuron the inside is ______ relative to the outside

a)

positive

b)

negative

c)

isoelectric

33.

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the receptive segment, thus generating EPSPs IPSPs or both in the postsynaptic neuron, this is known as

a)

temporal summation

b)

spatial summation

c)

additive property

d)

all or none law

34.

When voltage gated sodium channels open and sodium is entering the cell, this is known as

a)

hyperpolarization

b)

depolarization

c)

repolarization

d)

subthreshold stimulation

35.

When mulitple inputs come together at a single postsynaptic neuron, this is known as a _______ circuit

a)

converging

b)

diverging

c)

reverberating

d)

parallel-after-discharge

36.

the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend past the muscle fiber to form a ​ ___​ , a thick cordlike struture composed of dense regular connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

a)

tendon

b)

ligament

c)

sarcomere

d)

fascicle

37.

the ____ is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell and it is specialized for generating action potentials

a)

sarcolemma

b)

T tubule

c)

sarcomplasmic reticulum

d)

triad

38.

action potentials travel (a)   on myelinated axons than unmyelinated axons.

39.

the ____ are extensions of the sarcolemma that ensure the action potentials reach the deepest parts of the muscle cell

a)

sarcolemma

b)

T tubule

c)

sarcomplasmic reticulum

d)

triad

40.

the ____ stores calcium and regulates calcium levels in the muscle cell

a)

sarcolemma

b)

T tubule

c)

sarcomplasmic reticulum

d)

triad

41.

which two things have the greatest effect on action potential velocity?

a)

axon diameter

b)

degree of axon myelination

c)

length of axon

d)

ion concentrations

42.

thick myofilaments are composed of

a)

myosin

b)

actin

c)

troponin

d)

tropomyosin

43.

which can be positive or negative?

a)

action potential

b)

graded potential

44.

thin myofilaments are composed of select all that apply

a)

myosin

b)

actin

c)

troponin

d)

tropomyosin

45.

the ____ is the organelle that contracts in the muscle cell

a)

sarcolemma

b)

T tubule

c)

myofibril

d)

sarcomplasmic reticulum

46.

When one presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter onto the receptive segment, thus generating EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron, this is known as

a)

temporal summation

b)

spatial summation

c)

additive property

d)

all or none law

47.

When voltage gated potassium channels open and potassium is leaving the cell, this is known as (choose all that apply)

a)

hyperpolarization

b)

depolarization

c)

repolarization

d)

subthreshold stimulation

48.

a _____ is composed of overlapping thick and thin myofilaments and is the smallest unit that contracts

a)

sarcolemma

b)

myofibril

c)

sarcomere

d)

sarcomplasmic reticulum

49.

_____ is a protein that binds oxygen and stores it in muscle

a)

mitochodria

b)

myoglobin

c)

actin

d)

troponin

50.

which travels farther?

a)

action potential

b)

graded potential

51.

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates is called a ___ ___

(a)  

52.

when a neuron is at rest which channels are open? (choose all that apply)

a)

sodium leak channels

b)

potassium leak channels

c)

voltage gated sodium channels

d)

chemically gated sodium channels

53.

(a)   motor units would be found in muscles like the eye where precise control is needed

54.

the ____ _____ is the expanded tip of an axon containing vesicles full of neurotransmitter

a)

synaptic knob

b)

motor end plate

c)

synaptic cleft

d)

resting membrane potential

55.

the ____ _____ is the specialized region of the sarcolemma containing ACh receptors

a)

synaptic knob

b)

motor end plate

c)

synaptic cleft

d)

resting membrane potential

56.

the ____ _____ is the narrow fluid filled space between the syaptic knob and motor end plate

a)

synaptic knob

b)

motor end plate

c)

synaptic cleft

d)

resting membrane potential

57.

At the neuromuscular junction, immediately after calcium enters the synaptic knob

a)

ACh is released

b)

ACh binds to receptors

c)

an action potential is generated in the motor neuron

d)

an action potential is generated in the muscle cell

58.

during ____ ____ ____ an end plate potential is generated at the motor end plate, an action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and T tubules, and calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

(a)  

59.

the 3 general functions of the nervous system are (select all that apply)

a)

collect information

b)

process and evaluate information

c)

initiate response to information

60.

the peripheral nervous system is composed of (select all that apply)

a)

brain

b)

spinal cord

c)

peripheral nerves

d)

ganglia

61.

which division of the nervous system controls voluntary movements

a)

somatic sensory

b)

somatic motor

c)

autonomic motor

d)

visceral sensory

62.

the input or receptive part of a neuron is

a)

dendrite

b)

cell body

c)

axon

63.

the ouput or conductive part of a neuron is

a)

dendrite

b)

cell body

c)

axon

64.

a nerve that takes information away from the CNS is functionally classified as

a)

sensory

b)

motor

c)

interneuron

65.

which type of cell forms the blood brain barrier

a)

ependymal

b)

neurolemmocyte

c)

oligodendrocyte

d)

astrocyte

66.

which type of cell forms the cerebrospinal fluid

a)

ependymal

b)

neurolemmocyte

c)

oligodendrocyte

d)

astrocyte

67.

which type of cell forms the myelin sheath

a)

ependymal

b)

neurolemmocyte

c)

oligodendrocyte

d)

astrocyte

68.

the ____ ____ insulates axons and speeds up action potentials

(a)  

69.

select the channels that are found throughout the neuron

a)

Na leak channels

b)

K leak channels

c)

voltage gated Na channels

d)

chemically gated K channels

70.

select the channels that are found only in the dendrite

a)

Na leak channels

b)

K leak channels

c)

voltage gated Na channels

d)

chemically gated K channels

71.

select the channels that are found only in the axon

a)

Na leak channels

b)

K leak channels

c)

voltage gated Na channels

d)

chemically gated K channels

72.

which channels are necessary for generating action potentials

a)

Na leak channels

b)

K leak channels

c)

voltage gated Na channels

d)

chemically gated K channels

73.

which channels could generate graded potentials

a)

Na leak channels

b)

K leak channels

c)

voltage gated Na channels

d)

chemically gated K channels

74.

the time period when another action potential could only be generated with a stronger than normal stimulation is called the (a)   refractory period

75.

the neuronal pool where the input is transmitted simultaneously along several neuron pathways to a common postsynaptic cell is called

a)

parallel after discharge

b)

reverberating

c)

diverging

d)

converging

76.

as the stimulus strength increases, the frequency of action potentials (a)  

77.
Sprinters typically possess more ________ muscle fibers.
a)
1.slow glycolytic
b)
1.fast glycolytic
c)
1.slow oxidative
d)
1.fast oxidative
78.
•Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
a)
•muscle relaxation.
b)
•muscle fatigue.
c)
•muscle contraction.
d)
•the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fiber.
79.
What is the name of the enzyme that degrades ACh?
a)
1.Lipase
b)
1.ATPase
c)
1.Acetylcholinesterase
d)
1.Serine hydroxylase
e)
1.N-methyl transferase
80.
At rest, which molecule is blocking myosin binding sites on actin?
a)
tropomyosin
b)
troponin
c)
nebulin
d)
•titin
81.

What type of ion channel opens in response to an action potential arriving at the synaptic knob?

a)

1.Ligand-gated anion

b)

1.Voltage-gated sodium

c)

1.Voltage-gated potassium

d)

1.Ligand-gated cation

e)

1.Voltage-gated calcium

82.
•In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
a)
sodium ions.
b)
•calcium ions.
c)
acetylcholine
d)
•potassium ions.
83.
At the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions act to ________.
a)

1.increase the conduction speed of action potentials transmitted along the sarcolemma

b)

1.release the inhibition on Z discs

c)

1.remove the blocking action of tropomyosin

d)

1.cause ATP binding to actin

e)

1.release synaptic vesicles from the synaptic knob

84.

In the sarcoplasm, calcium ions act to ________.

a)

1.increase the conduction speed of action potentials transmitted along the sarcolemma

b)

1.release the inhibition on Z discs

c)

1.remove the blocking action of tropomyosin

d)

1.cause ATP binding to actin

e)

1.release synaptic vesicles from the axon terminal

85.
The elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the _________.
a)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b)
Mitochondria
c)
Intermediate filament network
d)
Myofibrillar network
e)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
86.
When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts,
a)
the zones of overlap get larger.
b)
•the H bands and I bands get smaller.
c)
the Z lines get closer together.
d)
•all of the above
87.
Cross-bridges are portions of
a)
myosin molecules.
b)
•troponin molecules.
c)
•actin molecules.
d)
•tropomyosin molecules.
88.
•The thin filaments of striated muscle are made of which protein(s)?
a)
•actin
b)
tropomyosin
c)
troponin
d)
•all of the above
89.
Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?
a)
produce movement
b)
•maintain body temperature
c)
•maintain posture
d)
•all of the above
90.
What is the function of T tubules?
a)
They store calcium.
b)
They provide elasticity to the muscle.
c)
Actin and myosin are synthesized here.
d)
They hold the thick filaments to the Z line.
e)
They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell.
91.
The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber is the __________.
a)
1.sarcomere
b)
1.myofibril
c)
1.fascicle
d)
1.myofilament