the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct culture features

the process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group

the thin layer of gases surrounding Earth.

the study of the psychological basis for for individual human actions in space

all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms

composed of living organisms

the science of making maps

scientific research by amateur scientists

the long-term average weather condition at a particular location

the spread of something over a given area

the relationships among people and objects over a given area

the sustainable management of a natural resource

the rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area (hint: the built environment)

the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition

the frequency with which something exists in a given unit of area

the process of the spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

the diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

the arrangement of something across Earth's surface (hint: it's asking "where?")

the scientific study of ecosystems

a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected

an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

the development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates

the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods

actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

the region from which innovative ideas originate

the study of different ways that individuals form ideas about a place and give those places symbolic meanings

all of the water on and near Earth's surface

Earth's crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust

an arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas; when this is crossed heading east towards America, the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day; when it is crossed heading west towards Asia, the calendar moves ahead one day

the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator

the position of anything on Earth's surface

the physical gap or interval between two objects

the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian

a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it

the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface

a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service

a representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located

an arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles

a chain of communication that connects places

something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans

something produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians

community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information

the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area

land that the Dutch have created by draining water from an area

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

the study of space as the product of ideologies of value systems of ruling elites

the maintenance of resources in the present condition, with as little human impact as possible

the meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

a system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map

an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use

generally, the relationship between the portion of the Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole

the physical character of a place

the location of a place relative to another place

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

the use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future

the combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

the relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature

the name given to a portion of Earth's surface

a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of globalization of the economy

creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

the total number of people divided by the total land area

a complete enumeration of a population

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

the scientific study of population characteristics

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

the number of working age people (ages 15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older

the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence , distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

a series of improvements in the industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. This number at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)

medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

the number of people per unit of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

the number of males per 100 females in the population

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

large-scale emigration by talented people

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

the temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. also known as semiarid land degradation

migration from a location

an areas subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends

permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors

a term used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern Europe and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job

migration to a new location

permanent movement within a particular country

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

permanent movement from one country to another

permanent movement from one region of a country to another

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

permanent movement within one region of a country

a form of relocation diffusion that involves a permanent move to a new location

a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produces the demographic transition

all types of movements between locations

the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

a factor that induces people to move out of their present location

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

in reference to migration, a law that places a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country in a year

someone who is forced to migrate from his or her home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

a person who enters a country without proper documents to do so

permanent movement undertaken by choice