How much of the Earth's surface is covered by water?

The ocean contains _____% of all of Earth's water.

What is the largest region of the ocean that covers 32%of the Earth's surface?

Which group of people were possibly travelling across the ocean in 30,00 B.C.?

Who utilized geometry and angles to very accurately calculate the circumference of the Earth in 240 B.C.?

Who made a map of the Earth based on the inaccurate calculation of the Earth's circumference? This map was the basis for all other maps for over a thousand years.

What group of people became the dominant navigators in the middle ages, improving the sextant and astrolabe?

While searching for timber, discovered Vineland (Newfoundland) on the North American continent around 1000 A.D..

6th century map maker who thought the Earth was a flat rectangle.

An Italian explorer sailing for Spain, he was trying to find a westward sea route to the East Indies when we landed in the Bahamas. He did three other major voyages and they ultimately resulted in lasting contact and colonization of European countries in the Americas.

Sailed for England in 1497 to Labrador, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, giving England a claim to North America.

Led an expedition across Panama, becoming the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the new world.

Arguably the first person to circumnavigate the world. Began leading the first voyage to circumnavigate the world on the Victoria.

Leads three voyages of exploration to chart the Pacific, including the Hawaiian Islands. The first truly scientific expeditions of the 1700s.

Circumnavigated the world on the HMS Beagle. Later devised the Theory of Natural Selection from his observations on this expedition.

The "father of physical oceanography." He revolutionized navigation and shortened transoceanic voyages. His sounding and bottom-sampling projects were used to make maps of the Atlantic Ocean floor.

Led a voyage on the HMS Challenger whose goal was to investigate "everything about the sea." Brought back data that eventually filled 50 large volumes and

represented a major turning point in the development of ocean science. Recorded the deepest spot in the world in the Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

Reaches the North Pole in 1909.

Suggested their was a supercontinent he labeled Pangea, surrounded by an ocean he labeled Panthalassa. Proposed the Theory of Continental Drift.

Marine explorer and environmentalist concerned with life in the Oceans 1950’s - 1990’s. Had a TV documentary in the 1970s. Invented the Aqualung = SCUBA.

An instrument that scans the ocean floor to the side of a ship's track and is used especially for mapping the ocean floor.

The Cousteau Societies ship that utilizes a "turbo sail" to supplement the propulsion system.

Operated by the Woods Hole Institute, this vehicle was utilized in discovering where the Titanic lies.

Programmed to perform a task; not tethered to a ship.

A net that is thrown in such a manner that it spreads out while it is in the air before it sinks into the water. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in by pulling the rope that is connected with the bottom ring of the net.

A weighted, hollow steel tube that is used to collect sediment samples as it penetrates the seafloor.

"Traps" that are used for collecting food and organisms for study.

A group of Niskin bottles that take water samples at different depths for comparison.

An instrument for measuring the direction, velocity, force, etc... of currents.

An instrument that is useful for scooping up seaweed, jellyfish, and other drifting organisms from docks and the side of vessels.

A cylindrical or box-like device which is dragged across the ocean floor to obtain biological or geological samples.

An old bottle that can be used to trace the pathway of currents in the ocean.

A technique of timing sound waves as they hit the ocean floor and return in order to determine the depth of the water.

A bottle like vessel that rotates ninety degrees when ¾ of it is flooded and becomes a floating instrument platform.

A world-wide radio navigation system that utilizes satellites to triangulate a specific location on Earth.

A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions.

A microphone used for acoustic measurements in fluids.

A water sampling bottle used for sub-surface measurements of water samples closed by a "tripping" action.

A water sampling bottle used for sub-surface measurements at discrete depths to analyze chemically.

A net, whose "mouth" is kept open by "doors," that is pulled through the water column or close to the ocean floor and collects specimens.

A cone-shaped net of fine mesh material with a collecting jar at the base.

A vertical net "curtain" is used to surround a school of fish and then "drawstrings" are used to close the bottom of the net and capture the fish.

An instrument used to measure the specific gravity (salinity) of seawater by using the refraction of light.

An instrument used to measure underwater temperature and pressure. The instrument is lowered and when the temperature and pressure are to be recorded, a device called the messenger is sent down to invert the thermometer and preserve the measurement so it can be read later on the ship.

An unmanned, highly maneuverable, remotely operated underwater vehicle operated by a person onboard the ship to which it is tethered.

An instrument that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density.

Equipment that allows for individual exploration of the ocean up to a certain depth.

An instrument used to estimate the transparency of seawater, and can provide a relative measure of productivity or turbidity (clarity).

A set of devices to sift through and analyze sediment grain size by composition.

An instrument used to remove a piece of ocean floor to study the sediments.

An instrument probe that automatically transmits information, including water quality, turbidity, dissolve oxygen and even chlorophyll levels, about its surroundings from an inaccessible, underwater location.

An instrument attached to a collecting net that can be used to determine where in the water column specimens are collected.

A deep-diving bathyscaphe used in 1960 to take two people to the deepest spot (10911 meters below sea level) in the Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep.

A device enclosed in an underwater housing used for taking photographic evidence in the ocean.

The U.S. used this vessel for the first military submarine attack against British ships in the Revolutionary War.

Without this vessel the Titanic may not have been discovered. This vessel has been actively used for more than 5000 missions.

This vessel went the deepest of all, 35,801 feet down and was the first vessel to go to Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench.

First nuclear submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole.

This vessel was the first to knowingly circumnavigate the Earth.

The vessel on which Charles Darwin sailed around the world.

This vessel carried the scientist on the first truly scientific oceanographic voyage.

Used to discover there was NO continent in the Artic. This vessel was built to withstand being frozen in the ice pack so it could drift through the Arctic Ocean.

German oceanographic vessel that set the standards for multidisciplinary oceanographic research.

This was the first deep sea-drilling vessel.

Cousteau’s turbo sailing ship that replaced his first ship, Calypso.

A bottle like vessel that rotates ninety degrees when ¾ of it is flooded.

Why is the inside of the Earth still hot?

The first life forms on Earth arose:

Possible sources of Earth's water include all of the following EXCEPT

The first oceans on Earth developed around _____ billion years ago.

Earth is about