Amino acid is synthesized by the body from carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

All are examples of Uncharged polar amino acids except:

Uncharge polar amino acids have a hydrophobic side chain which forms hydrogen bonds with water

The only proteinogenic amino acid whose side group links to the alpha-amino group

Combines with aspartic acid and methionine to help the liver with the digestion of fats

Branched amino acid that is beneficial for skin, bone, and tissue wound healing

Source of Lysine

Important AA that helps stimulate translation of mRNA by being the first AA incorporated into the N-terminal position of all proteins.

Arginine is:

I. Used to improve circulation and treat impotence and heart diseases.

II. Helpful in strengthening the immune system, regulate hormones and blood sugar, and promotes male fertility.

III. Beneficial for a healthy nervous system.

IV. Found on fish, seafood, tofu, dried beans, red beans, and black beans

Most abundant amino acid involved in the transport of nitrogen

Aids in the production of immunoglobulin and antibody

Glutamine

I. Is important in the metabolism of sugars and fats and aids in transporting potassium into the CSF.

II. Is the most abundant in the body/immune function.

III. Transports ammonia to the liver.

IV. Is metabolized in urea cycle and participate in gluconeogenesis

Tyrosine is a precursor of nitric oxide.

It is a mood elevator, suppresses appetite, and is synthesized from phenylalanine.

Phenylketonuria (+) result= bacterial growth <4mg/dL

Caused by a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase encoded by the gene TAT.

The last enzyme in a series of five enzymes needed to break down tyrosine

A rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that disrupts or prevents normal metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease:

I. Is characterized by markedly reduced or absence of alpha-keto acid decarboxylase

II. Results to the darkening of urine

III. An inborn error of metabolism causing accumulation of branched-chain amino acid

IV. A type of organic academia

A defect in the amino acid transport system

Arginosuccinic Aciduria

Secondary structure

3D structure of proteins composed of multiple subunits

Examples of conjugate protein

Examples of Fibrous proteins

Soluble in water and high concentration salt solution

Reference value for TP

Protein migration is usually done at a pH of 9.6

Preferred method for quantification after proteins are separated by electrophoresis

4th fastest band in a Normal SPE pattern

Examples of Alpha 1-globulin

Caused by a2-globulin spike in a abnormal SPE pattern

Prealbumin is increased in:

Albumin has a half-life of 14 days.

Globulin

Has the capacity to bind with trypsin and inactivate it

All are measurements used for Alpha-2 macroglobulin except:

A major beta-globulin protein that transports ferric iron from iron stores to bone marrow.

Fibrinogen is decreased in the following except:

Are complexes of proteins and lipids whose function is to transport cholesterol, TAG, and phospholipid in the blood

Migrates at the beginning of the beta-globulin region

Measurements used for Alpha-1 Fetoprotein

Hemopexin is a copper-containing serum glycoprotein which functions as circulating oxidase

In AMI, Myoglobin has a 4-5hrs onset, and 14-16hrs peak

Specific for heart muscle and useful in monitoring thrombolytic therapy in MI

In heat precipitation test for Bence Jones Protein, heating a sample of urine at 65 deg C will form a precipitate but will redissolve again when heated at 100 deg C.

In non protein nitrogen, plasma contains 20-35 mg/dl of NPN. It comprises 5% of Uric acid.

A method for BUN where NH₃ & CO₂ is yielded by the combination of Urea and Urease

Creatinine

Creatinine Method that is popular, inexpensive, rapid and easy to perform.

Azotemia which is usually the result of urinary tract obstruction

All are methods for Uric acid except:

A condition where blood uric acid >10 mg/dL can cause the production of urinary tract calculi

Specimen for Berthelot Reaction