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WorksheetsMicrobiology exam
Total questions: 153
Worksheet time: 1hrs 17mins
What do enzymes do?
Speed up the bodies chemical reactions without being consumed (metabolism)
B
What are enzymes made of?
strings of amino acids chemically bonded to one another
B
What is catabolism?
the sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded
B
What is anabolism?
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism
B
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
B
Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic?
catabolic mainly bug sometimes both
B
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
cellular respiration to produce energy in the form of ATP
B
What is fermentation?
the breaking down of sugar molecules into simpler compounds to produce substances that can be used in making chemical energy
B
Why would a cell use fermentation?
allows glucose to be continuously broken down to make ATP due to the recycling of NADH to NAD+
B
What are the two fermentative end products we discussed?
Ethanol and lactate
B
What does ETS stand for?
Electron transport system
B
What is ATP synthase and what does it do?
The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate
B
What happens if you interrupt ETS?
It stops producing ATP
B
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Ribosomes
B
What is oxygenic photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis that produces oxygen
B
What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Photo synthesis that does not produce oxygen
B
How many ATP are required in photosynthesis?
18 ATP
B
How do chloroplast support the Endosymbiotic theory?
Bacteria, a prokaryote, has circular DNA, as do mitochondria and chloroplasts. This provides support for the Endosymbiotic Theory, which states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).
B
What element accepts electrons at the end of ETS?
The final electron acceptor
B
What molecule donates protons H+ and electrons to the ETS?
FADH and NADH
B
how many micrometers are in 150mm?
150,000
b
what is an organic compound
carbon-hydrogen bonds
b
how many ATP are used in glycolosis?
2 ATP
B
How many ATP are produced from glycolosis?
4 ATP
b
Where is ATP used in glycolosis?
Hexokinase
b
How many NADH & H+ are formed in glycolosis?
2 NADH and 2H+
b
how many ATP are produced from TCA?
20 ATP
b
how many times does the TCA cycle turn per glucose molecule?
twice
b
What is aerobic respiration?
the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food.
b
what is anaerobic respiration?
uses glucose to create energy without the presence of oxygen it is faster than aerobic respiration but produces less energy
b
How many carbon dioxide molecules are released from one pyruvate?
3 carbon dioxide molecules
b
Where is ETS located?
it is embedded in the cell membrane
b
How many bods does A and T have?
2 bonds between them
b
How many bonds does G and C have?
3 bonds between them
b
who has a tighter bond A and T or G and C?
G and C because they have 3 bonds instead of 2
b
what is physiology?
the study of how organisms function
b
what do enzymes end in?
ACE (ex:polymerace)
b
What is glucose?
a 6 carbon sugar molecule
b
What are the two types of metabolism?
anabolism and catabolism
b
What is the definition of microbiology?
the scientific study of small organisms
b
how small is the average bacterium?
1 micrometer
b
who pioneered the use of the microscope?
Hans and Zacharias janssen
b
what is the theory that life arose from an inanimate object?
The theory of spontaneous generation
b
How old is earth?
4.5 billion years old
b
Who debunked the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
b
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded and contains deoxyribose while RNA is single stranded and contains ribose
b
what is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote?
pro-no nucleus euk-nucleus
b
how long ago did the first bacteria appear and how do we know?
3.5-3.8 billion years ago and we know because of fossil evidence.
b
What are the three domains?
bacteria archea and eukarya
b
What did Carl Woesse discover?
The 3 domain chain
b
what are two cell structures unique to eukarya?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
b
how many bacterial phyla are there?
atleast 50
b
what is endosymbiotic theory?
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once living bacteria
b
What is the difference between Gram+ and Gram-?
G+ has multiple peptidoglycan lares and G- only has 1
b
what is peraplasmic space?
the space between CM and OM
b
how does a cell move?
CC=run C=tumble
b
what is chemotaxis?
the movement of a cell
b
what is the difference between pili and fimbrae?
pili-used for congregation and fimbrae- used for adherence
b
what are magnetosomes?
tiny magnets found in bacteria so bacteria can tell up from down
b
how many commonly occurring amino acids are there?
20
b
What are the monomers for DNA and RNA?
nucleotides
b
where is energy stored?
in phosphate bonds
b
what is ATP?
it is energy
b
what kind of process id photosythesis?
it is an anabolic process
b
what is oxygenic photosynthesis?
oxygen created and carried out by plants or cyanobacteria EX:trees
b
what shuttles eukaryotes across the cell membrane?
pyruvate
b
how many steps of glycolosis use ATP?
the first four steps use 2 ATP
b
how many glycolosis steps create ATP?
The last 6 steps create 4 ATP
b
another term for spontaneous generation theory?
Aboigenesis
b
a protein that spans the CM is called?
Integral protein
b
what is the CW composed of?
peptidoglycan
b
what is the OM of G- bacteria composed of?
LPS
b
what are the major elements of life?
CHONPS
b
difference between saturated and nonsaturated?
Sat-single bonds only and Non-double bonds
b
What is bacterial chromosomes?
their DNA/genome
b
what do sugars end in?
ides like polysacharides
b
What sugar is DNA made of?
Deoxyribose
B
What structure is DNA?
Double helix
B
What is DNA?
a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
B
Why is DNA made of deoxyribose?
DNA is made up of deoxyribose because it doesn’t have a hydroxyl group of the 2’ position instead it just has a hydrogen
B
What does it mean that DNA is anti parallel?
DNA being anti-parallel means fat two molecules that are side-by-side but run in opposite directions the head of one strand attaches to the tail of the other strand
B
What does it mean to say that DNA strands are complementary?
The sequence of the constituent molecules and one strand of the double stranded structure chemically matches the other sequins on the other strand
B
What are the monomers of DNA and how are they arranged in the cell?
Nucleotides; they are arranged one after the other matching up with its correct pair on the double helix
B
Okay hat are the 3 components of nucleotides?
it is made up of a base, sugar, & phosphate group
B
What is a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is the basic building blocks of nucleic acids
B
Name the DNA nucleotide names
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, & guanine
B
How are DNA genes chromosomes and genomes related?
Genes are segments of DNA and genes are contained in chromosomes and chromosomes make up an organisms genome
B
What is Griffiths experiment (transformation)?
He injected five strains of bacteria into mice and proved bacteria transform based on the characteristics of other bacteria around it
B
Describe Avery McCarty and McLeod‘s experiment…
The dead smooth strain was treated with different enzymes then re introduced to the rough strain all of them turned into live smooth strain except for the DNAase treated strain this is called the transformation principle
B
What is central dogma?
The process by which the instructions of DNA are converted into functional product in transcription the information of the DNA of every cell is converted into small portable RNA messages
B
What is my moments as a sell/bacterium is competent?
This refers to a cells ability to take up foreign DNA from its surrounding environment
B
Describe conjugation?
The transfer of DNA in a site and strand-specific manner from a donor to a recipient cell which have formed close contact with one another that is a mating pair
B
What is the size range of bacterial genomes?
.6-8.0 mega bases or 130kbp-14mbp
B
What is a plasmid?
A small circular double stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cells chromosome of DNA
B
What does it mean that bacterial DNA replication is bi directional
It’s like a circle with a zipper both the 5’ and 3’ ends attach going opposite directions
B
Meselson and stable experiment…
Came up with the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive theory they grew E. coli in heavy nitrogen N15 they found a semi-conservative result
B
What direction does DNA and RNA synthesis occur?
5’ to 3’
B
Why is the genetic code degenerate?
because a single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon
B
Crispr
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
B
CAS?
CRISPR associated
B
What RNA are involved in translation and what are their roles?
Translation is catalyzed by a large enzyme called a ribosome, which contains proteins andribosomal RNA (rRNA). Translation also involves specific RNA molecules called transfer RNA (t-RNA) which can bind to threebasepair codons on a messenger RNA (mRNA) and also carry the appropriate amino acid encoded by the codon.
B
enzymes use _ and make_?
substrates & products
b
The primary purpose of fermentation is to...?
regenerate NAD+
b
During respiration electrons are passed down a cascade from one enzyme to another (primarily cytochromes). What is the name of this system?
ETS
b
The flagellar arrangement in which there is a single flagellum at each pole of a bacterium is called?
Amphitrichous
b
Frederick Griffith used what animal in his studies?
Mice
b
Avery, McCarty, and MacLoed demonstrated that Griffiths transforming principal was in fact?
DNA
b
What molecule accepts the electrons at the end of the ETS during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
b
Photosynthesis takes place...?
On the thylakoid membranes
b
Which is evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?
the genes of mitochondria are most similar to intracellular bacterial pathogens
b
A bacterial capsule is also known as...?
Glycolyx
b
The three carbon end product of glycolysis is...?
pyruvate
b
the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA is...?
DNA polymerase
b
what molecule donates electrons and hydrogen ions at the beginning of this system?
NADH+ H+
b
during respiration a gradient of positively charged hydrogen ions called cations is created across the cell membrane what enzymes make use of this gradient?
ATPase
b
an enzyme makes use of the hydrogen ion gradient created during respiration what product does it make?
ATP
b
The process of creating more DNA using existing DNA as a template is called...?
Replication
b
Which of the following is required for bacterial conjugation?
a pilus
b
chemical methods of controlling microbial growth?
Alcohol, Iodine, Mercury, Phenol, Hydrogen Peroxide, Etheline Oxide.
b
Who first used Phenol in 1867?
Joseph Lister (Listerine)
b
Definition of Growth...?
An increase in cell or organismal mass
b
sexual reproduction...?
where 2 or more parents contribute genetic material such as DNA to a single offspring
b
Asexual reproduction...?
One single parent contributes genetic material to offspring EX:CLONING
b
How long does it take E. coli to double in VEVO? and in Vitro?
Vevo:3-4 hours. Vitro:less than 20 min.
b
Growth curve Lag phase...?
cell growth at 0
b
Cell growth curve Log phase?
cell growth is greater than cell death
b
Baten culture...?
nutrients are given to microbes in a test tube/flask at the begining and no nutrients are added during or after.
b
How to control microbial growth?
Sterilize, Disinfect, Sanitize, Antiseptic.
b
Sterilize?
remove/kill any living organisms
b
Disinfect?
To remove all pathogens
b
Sanitize?
reduce # of bacteria
b
Sepsis?
A bacterial infection usually on living tissue
b
Antiseptic?
reduce bacterial load on living tissue
b
Physical methods of controlling bacterial growth?
Dry heat-160 degree C for 2 hours
Wet heat-pasteurization/boiling 100 degrees C for 30 minutes (will not kill spores)
Autoclave/pressure cooker-121 degrees C for 15 minutes
Freezing- -20 degrees C
Refridgerating- 4 degrees C
b
how do you measure bacterial growth?
CFU colony forming units
b
Factors that affect microbial growth...?
Nutrients, Temp, Moisture/Humidity, Sunlight, Oxygen, PH, Salinity/Halotollerant.
b
what percent of microbes is water?
70%
b
Lebigs Law?
says that the growth rate of an organism is controlled by a single abiotic factor
b
Energy sources...?
PHOTO-sun
CHEMO-eating something else that got energy from the sun
b
Electron sources...?
LITHO-rock inorganic source
ORGANO-organic source
b
Carbon sources...?
AUTO-pull carbons from air or water
HETERO-Chemicals
B
TROPH...?
what an organism eats
b
CHEMO-ORGANO-HETERO-TROPH?
HUMANS
b
Causes of antibiotic resistance?
over-prescribed
over-used in livestock industry
antibacterial soaps and products
b
What is unaffected by antibiotics?
Viruses
b
problems associated with antibiotic use?
Antibiotic associated diarhea
psuedomembranous colitis
b
what class of antibiotics does penicillin belong to?
B-lactins
b
what type of bacteria is penicillin most effective against?
Penicillin works best on gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting peptidoglycan production
b
Why is it harder for penicillin to penetrate G- cells?
G- has an outer membrane
b
What are antibiotics?
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
b
what physiological changes lead to resistance?
permiability
alter the antibiotic
use an alternative metabolic pathway
b
properties of an ideal antibiotic?
selectively toxic
bacteriacidal
resistance couldnt develope
effective in small concentrations
long half-life
long shelf life
water soluble
b
what did ignaz semmelweis discover?
pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics.
b
