What chemicals are moving and how during AP repolarization

(a)  

What chemical during hyperpolarizarion moves and how

(a)  

Period right after neuron is insensitive to further stimulation and cannot generate another AP

(a)  

When Na levels are gradually restored to resting levels during repolarization and an especially strong stimulus provokes another AP

(a)  

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

(a)  

Where motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect

specialized region

motor end plate

(a)  

Time between generation of AP and start of contraction

no force generated

Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

(a)  

End of latent period of muscle tension

(a)  

From peak tension to end of muscle contraction

(a)  

What are the 3 phases of a muscle twitch

(a)  

Number of active motor units at any given moment

(a)  

Fixed length of contraction of isolated skeletal muscle

(a)  

Smallest stimulus required to induce an AP

(a)  

Progressive increase in force generated when a muscle is stimulated in succesion

staircase effect

(a)  

When skeletal muscle is stimulated repeatedly

(a)  

When a stimulus is applied so frequently over a long period of time and max possible force is reached and stimulus reaches a plateau

(a)  

When stimulus is so frequent the twitches begin to fuse so peaks and valleys become indistinguishable

(a)  

When stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase in force can be made

(a)  

Accumulation of lactic acid, ADP, and Pi in muscles

(a)  

When a muscle attempts to move a load that is equal to the force generated by the muscle

muscle stays at fixed length

(a)  

The force generated by the muscle is greater than the constant load acting on the muscle

contractions that shorten the muscle

(a)  

Stretching the muscle and results from the elastic recoil of the tissue itself

caused by protein Titin

molecular bungee cord

(a)  

Myosin thick filaments bind to actin thin filaments

cross bridge cycle and ATP hydrolysis

(a)  

The summed electrical activity of all the axons in the nerve

(a)  

the inside of the cell is more (a)   than the exterior. This difference in charge is known as resting membrane potential

Record of all the electrical activity in the brain

(a)  

Occipital waves have a (a)   frequency than frontal and parietal lobes

Relaxed state with eyes closed

(a)  

Attentive or alert state. Faster and lower amplitude

(a)  

Deep sleep, high amplitude, less frequent

(a)  

Large irregular waves, normal in children, uncommon in awake adults

(a)  

Not aware of these reflexes

activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, digestion etc

(a)  

type of reflex

Stimulation of skeletal muscle by somatic division of N.S.

(a)  

Reflex involving multiple interneurons

(a)  

Reflex involving 1 interneurons

(a)  

maintain and adjust muscle tone for posture balance and motion

tapping tendon or ligament which stretches muscle to which tendon is attatched

type of reflex

(a)  

type of reflex

ankle jerk reflex

assess first two sacral segments of the spinal cord

tap calcaneal tendon above the ankle

(a)  

type of reflex

flexor- withdrawal - extension of opposite limb

(a)  

type of reflex

stimulation of receptors in the skin and mucosae

depends on both functional upper motor pathways and spinal level reflex arc

(a)  

type of reflex

stimulating cutaneous receptors in sole of the foot

causes toes to flex and move closer together

damage to primary motor cortex will cause babinskis reflex where toes move upward and fan out- in newborns this is normal bc of incomplete myelination

(a)  

type of reflex

trigeminal nerve

absence of this reflex indicates damage to the brain stem from compresion of the brain or trauma

(a)  

type of reflex

somatic motor response

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

mucosa on the uvula is stroked and produces this reflex

(a)  

type of reflex

pupillary response to stimuli

(a)  

type of reflex

glands secrete varying amounts of saliva

(a)  

the pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls and is generally measured in the arteries

(a)  

pressure in arteries at the time of ventricular ejection

(a)  

pressure during ventricular contraction

(a)  

period where AP's cannot be generated no matter how strong the stimulus

(a)  

heart rate over 100 beats/min

(a)  

heart rate below 60 beats/min

(a)  

large p wave indicates

(a)  

enlarged q wave indicates

(a)  

enlarged r wave indicates

(a)  

large QRS Complex indicates

(a)  

elevation of t wave indicates

(a)  

flat t wave indicates

(a)  

QT elongation indicates

(a)  

P

(a)  

R

(a)  

Q

(a)  

S

(a)  

T

(a)  

When a skeletal muscle stimulated with such frequency that muscle twitches overlap and result in stronger contraction than a single muscle twitch

(a)  

individual muscle twitches cannot be distinguished

(a)  

what has a shorter refractory period skeletal or cardiac muscle

(a)  

what increases the rate and force of contraction of heart

fight or flight

(a)  

resting and digesting

decrease heart rate without changing force of contraction

(a)  

this nerve carries signals to the heart

(a)  

what happens when vagus nerve stimulation is excessive

(a)  

resumption of heartbeat

(a)  

cluster of autorythmic cells found in right atrial wall in heart

(a)  

what is the pacemaker of the heart

(a)  

low body temp

(a)  

what is ringers solution made of

(a)  

what 2 neurotransmitters are released during sympathetic response

(a)  

increase in depolarization

increase in heart rate

(a)  

binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in plasma membrane of SA node

works through cAMP 2nd messengers binding of ligand opens Na and Ca channels

shortens period of repolarization

(a)  

what is released during a parasympathetic response

(a)  

decrease in depolarization

decrease in heart rate

decrease in frequency of AP's by binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of the SA node

indirectly opens potassium channels

closes Ca and Na channels

(a)  

inhibit, enhance the action of acetylcholine in the body

(a)  

inhibit, mimic, enhance the action of epinephrine in the body

(a)  

if modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter ACl or Epi

(a)  

if modifier works in opposite fashion as the neurotransmitter

(a)  

what does resting cell membrane favor movement of

(a)  

block movement of calcium

used to treat high bp and abnormal heart rate

(a)  

modifiers that affect heart rate

(a)  

modifiers that affect force of contraction

(a)  

sympathetic- epinephrine

heart rate?

(a)  

heart rate?

pilocarpine

mimics Acl

(a)  

atropine

antagonist

heart rate?

(a)  

acetylcholine

parasympathetic

heart rate?

(a)  

heart rate?force of contraction

calcium chloride

positive tropic

(a)  

sodium chloride?

heart rate?

(a)  

heart rate?

potassium chloride?

(a)  

heart rate?

procaine

(a)  

heart rate?

cold ringers solution

(a)  

heart rate?

hot ringers solution

(a)