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Physiological Response to Injury and Exercise FINAL EXAM

Total questions: 148

Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which type of death can occur as a result of irreversible injury as well as normal tissue turnover processes?

a)

Apoptosis

b)

Necrosis

c)

Reversible

d)

Adaptable

2.

Which type of feedback is most responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

a)

positive feeback

b)

negative feedback

c)

external feedback

d)

tactile feedback

3.

Which of the following cell functions are DNA and genes responsible for?

a)

formulation of new proteins/molecules

b)

degradation of cellular proteins

c)

regulation of mitochondria

d)

production of gene sequences

4.

which of the following injuries is most likely to be a result of repetitive stresses?

a)

bone fracture

b)

ligament rupture

c)

muscle strain

d)

tendinopathy

5.

Why are the folds on the mitochondrial inner membrane important?

a)

they provide structural support to the mitochondria

b)

they are responsible for generating mitochondrial DNA

c)

they decrease the ATP-production capacity of the mitochondria

d)

they increase the ATP-production capacity of the mitochondria

6.

the main function of the ribosomes is?

a)

regulate cellular activity

b)

assemble the cell's proteins

c)

break down the cell's proteins

d)

determine the function of the cell

7.

true of false: The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains a greater percentage of water than the intracellular fluid (ICF).

a)

True

b)

False

8.

The main function(s) of the musculoskeletal system is...

a)

movement and support

b)

digest nutrients and excrete wastes

c)

supply O2 to the body through veins and arteries

d)

regulate temperature

9.

The subacute stage of healing typically occurs during which of the following time frames?

a)

0-4/6 days

b)

6-21 days

c)

21-60 days

d)

1+ year

10.

Which stage of tissue healing has clinical signs and symptoms including: absence of inflammation, contractures of adhesions limiting range of motion, muscle weakness limiting function

a)

acute

b)

subacute

c)

chronic

d)

none of the above

11.

Which of the following phases of healing is characterized by the body's attempt to stop the bleeding?

a)

clotting (hemostasis and degeneration)

b)

inflammation

c)

proliferation (migration)

d)

maturation (remodeling)

12.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the swelling that occurs during the inflammation phase of healing?

a)

pressure from surrounding tissues

b)

vasodilation

c)

exudation and leukocyte infiltration

d)

vascular permeability

13.

Which of the following are key components during the inflammation phase of healing?

a)

platelets, clotting and growth factors

b)

fibroblasts, endo-, epithelial cells, macrophages

c)

collagen, fibroblasts

d)

neutrophils, macrophages, t-lymphocytes, chemokines

14.

Which of the following are key components during the maturation phase of healing?

a)

platelets, clotting and growth factors

b)

fibroblasts, endo-, epithelial cells, macrophages

c)

collagen, fibroblasts

d)

neutrophils, macrophages, t-lymphocytes, chemokines

15.

Of the following factors influencing healing, which one is necessary for delivery of cells needed for healing?

a)

circulation

b)

growth factors

c)

nutrition

d)

medication

16.

Which energy conversion pathway occurs primarily in the cytosol of the cell?

a)

glycolysis

b)

electron transport chain

c)

beta-oxidation

d)

the citric acid cycle

17.

You suggest that your patient begin a 20min/day brisk walking program in order to improve their cardiovascular function. Which of the following energy sources would most likely be used during this program?

a)

creatine phosphate

b)

lactate

c)

carbohydrates

d)

glucose

18.

Which of the following kinases is rate limiting in the early process of glycolysis?

a)

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

b)

pyruvate dehydrogenase

c)

citrate synthase

d)

succinate dehydrogenase

19.

Which of the following energy conversion pathways occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

a)

glycolysis

b)

the citric acid cycle

c)

electron transport chain

d)

triglyceride metabolism

20.

According to the crossover concept with aerobic training we can prolong the utilization of this energy source.

a)

carbohydates

b)

amino acids

c)

triglycerides

d)

proteins

21.

These 2 types of collagen are predominantly found in tendons and ligaments

a)

type I and type III

b)

type II and type IV

c)

type I and type X

d)

Type III and type VII

22.

Which of the following occurs at relatively low strain with low amounts of force and is considered part of load-deformation?

a)

crimp

b)

creep

c)

hysteresis

d)

stress relaxation

23.

Which of the following types of stress is best described as resistance to a force applied in a manner that will lengthen tissue

a)

compression

b)

tension

c)

shear

d)

strain

24.

Physiologic loading, meaning loading designed to induce a tissue adaptation, occurs primarily in which region of the stress/strain curve?

a)

toe

b)

plastic

c)

elastic

d)

failure

25.

this viscoelastic property allows for a tendon/ligament held at a fixed length to have a decrease in the load of the tissue

a)

crimp

b)

creep

c)

hysteresis

d)

stress relaxation

26.

During which phase of tendon healing does the collagen fibers become more aligned? Particularly in the direction of stress

a)

hemostasis

b)

inflmamation

c)

proliferation

d)

maturation

27.

You are evaluating a patient who's referral indicates they suffered an acute, grade II MCL sprain. Which of the following best describes the amount of tissue disruption that has occurred?

a)

no fibers have been ruptured

b)

some stretching and small tears

c)

partial fibers rupture, but some fibers still intact

d)

complete rupture with no intact fibers

28.

How long does complete remodeling take following a ligament injury?

a)

6 months

b)

8 months

c)

10 months

d)

12 months

29.

which of the following occurs as a result of ligament immobilization?

a)

catabolic to anabolic state

b)

increased matrix production

c)

decreased GAG and water content

d)

improved joint stability

30.

In response to inactivity (decreased normal activity) the size and amount of collagen decreases. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the subsequent tissue change?

a)

increased elastin fibers results in increased tissue compliance

b)

increased elastin fibers results in decreased tissue compliance

c)

decreased collagen results in stronger tissue

d)

decreased collagen results in stiffer tissue

31.

which layer of articular cartilage contains chondrocytes that are arranged in a columnar manner?

a)

superficial

b)

transitional

c)

deep

d)

calcified

32.

In response to loading mechanoreceptors stimulate these cell components.

a)

ion channels and integrins

b)

cytokines and growth factors

c)

ion channels and cytokines

d)

growth factors and integrins

33.

This type of bone cell contributes to the deposition of inorganic matrix.

a)

Osteoblast

b)

Osteoclast

c)

Osteocyte

d)

Osteon

34.

Which phase of bone remodeling is characterized by recruitment of osteoclasts, formation of canopy and preosteoclasts binding to the bone matrix?

a)

quiescence

b)

activation

c)

resorption

d)

formation

35.

according to the principles of exercise, which of the following needs to occur to stimulate a bone response?

a)

static loading

b)

low rate of application of force

c)

dynamic loading

d)

loading produces usual strain

36.

which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for cartilage healing?

a)

source of cells

b)

removal of stress

c)

intact subchondral bone

d)

adequate number of chondrocytes

37.

which of the following components of cartilage increases in response to immobilization?

a)

matrix synthesis

b)

aggrecan gene expression

c)

aggrecan gene production

d)

collagen production

38.

at what time point in fracture healing does the fracture need to be stable in order for proper healing to occur?

a)

0-48 hours

b)

3-5 days

c)

2-4 weeks

d)

3-6 months

39.

During the inflammation phase of bone healing which of the following does NOT occur?

a)

initial bleeding and clotting

b)

exposed bone provides nutrients and oxygen

c)

inflammatory cells infiltrate the bone

d)

a thick callus is formed

40.

which phase of bone healing is characterized by production of a collagen matrix, mineralization of osteoid, and weak callus formation?

a)

inflammation

b)

initial union

c)

remodeling

d)

mineralization

41.

Which component of muscle structure is where the contractile unit of the muscle fiber is located?

a)

fascicles

b)

muscle bundles

c)

myofibrils

d)

sarcomeres

42.

which of the following proteins that comprise the contractile unit is responsible for attaching myosin to the Z Disk?

a)

actin

b)

alpha-actinin

c)

nebulin

d)

titin

43.

which component of the myosin filament regulates a muscle contraction and the rate at which the contraction occurs

a)

light chain

b)

neck

c)

heavy chain

d)

globular head

44.

once the neuronal stimulus reaches the nerve ending, which of the following compounds is released?

a)

acetylcholine

b)

calcium

c)

sodium

d)

acetyl CoA

45.

This structure is where the action potential is carried deep into the muscle fibers

a)

sarcoplasmic reticulum

b)

synaptic cleft

c)

T tubule

d)

motor end plate

46.

This sensor, that is also a protein, is primarily responsible following allowing calcium to move inside to outside of the cell.

a)

ryanodine receptor (RyR)

b)

dihydropryridine (DHPR)

c)

SECRA pump

d)

Calcium uniporter

47.

During the power stroke, the rate of contraction is determined by which of the following?

a)

how many myosin heads are bound to actin

b)

how much calcium is available in the cytosol

c)

the speed at which inorganic phosphate is released

d)

how much overlap there is in the sarcomere

48.

Which of the following best describes the benefit of increasing capillary density in response to endurance training?

a)

decreased time needed for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange to occur

b)

increased time needed for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange to occur

c)

decreased oxygen availability for metabolism

d)

increased oxygen availability for metabolism

49.

plateaus in muscle strength are primarily due to which structural muscle component

a)

muscle size

b)

pennation angle

c)

amount of contractile proteins

d)

number of neural connections

50.

This type of muscle hypertrophy primarily involves increases in enzymes and stored nutrients as well as increased in cellular water content

a)

type I

b)

type II

c)

type III

d)

type IV

51.

this type of muscle injury is characterized by symptoms of soreness or pain and decreased function, with an onset of between 24-48 hours following activity

a)

type Ia

b)

type Ib

c)

type 2a

d)

type 2b

52.

Which phase of muscle healing is characterized by rupture and necrosis of the muscle fibers

a)

degeneration and inflammation

b)

regeneration

c)

proliferation

d)

remodeling

53.

which phase of muscle healing is characterized by maturation of regenerated myofibers and fibrosis and scar tissue formation

a)

degeneration and inflammation

b)

regeneration

c)

proliferation

d)

remodeling

54.

during which phase of muscle healing are satellite cells and myoblasts/myotubes most prevalent?

a)

phase I

b)

phase II

c)

phase III

d)

phase IV

55.

according to the literature which of the following is MOST effective in reducing patient/client perceived soreness related to DOMS?

a)

active recovery

b)

cold exposure

c)

massage

d)

myofascial release

56.

what exercise VO2max intensity if necessary to see an increase in norepinephrine during a single episode of exercise?

a)

20% VO2max

b)

30% VO2max

c)

60% VO2max

d)

70% VO2max

57.

in response to exercise (both acute and chronic) what is the overall change in neurotransmitters?

a)

baseline levels permanently decrease

b)

baseline levels permanently increase

c)

baseline levels temporarily decrease

d)

baseline levels temporarily increase

58.

which direction of axonal transport carries neurotransmitters and structural proteins?

a)

anterograde flow

b)

retrograde flow

c)

bidirectional grade flow

d)

multidirectional flow

59.

the greatest effect of neural input on strength occurs between 0-4 weeks. this is primarily due to which of the following?

a)

optimization of motor neuron recruitment

b)

optimization of action potential generation

c)

hypertrophy has not yet occured

d)

hypertrophy occurs earlier than neural input changes

60.

Which of the following types of exercise demonstrates an increase in strength when the muscle action is not actually performed?

a)

isometric

b)

imagined practice

c)

neuromuscular re-education

d)

eccentric

61.

in response to swelling following a whiplash injury, which part of the nerve cell is damaged

a)

axon

b)

dentrite

c)

nucleus

d)

schwann cell

62.

which of the following cells are unique to the neuroimmune response?

a)

neutrophils

b)

monocytes

c)

T & B cells

d)

microglia

63.

which of the following pressures is sufficient to slow the flow of axoplasm?

a)

5 mmHg

b)

10 mmHg

c)

20 mmHg

d)

30 mmHg

64.

proximal nerve regeneration occurs at what rate?

a)

1-2 mm/day

b)

2-3mm/day

c)

3-4mm/day

d)

4-5mm/day

65.

Following a TBI, how long is the recommended rest period before resuming aerobic exercise?

a)

24-48 hours

b)

48-72 hours

c)

2-3 days

d)

4-5 days

66.

which of the following is a key difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?

a)

has a striated appearance

b)

contains myosin and actin filaments

c)

contracts in all-or-none manner

d)

contains intercalated discs

67.

which of the following is a contributor to vasodilation during exercise?

a)

low carbon dioxide

b)

low oxygen in muscles

c)

building of ATP

d)

hormonal decreases

68.

when the sympathetic (adrenergic) nervous system is stimulated during exercise, which of the following is true?

a)

alpha 1 receptors in smooth muscle elicit vasodilation

b)

beta 1 receptors in the heart decrease in the heart rate

c)

alpha 1 receptors in smooth muscle elicit vasoconstriction

d)

M2 receptors in the atria decrease heart rate

69.

the reflex is responsible for monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide content and pH of the blood

a)

baroreceptor

b)

chemoreceptor

c)

endocrine receptor

d)

mechanoreceptor

70.

transit time occurs in less than 1 second because of which of the following?

a)

large lung alveolar surface area AND thin alveolar membrane

b)

large lung alveolar surface area AND thick alveolar membrane

c)

small lung alveolar surface area AND thin alveolar membrane

d)

large lung alveolar surface area AND thick alveolar membrane

71.

This structure in the kidney is where the urine is concentrated

a)

renal tubule

b)

proximal convoluted tubule

c)

loop of henle

d)

collecting ducts

72.

this step in urine formation controls the blood pH

a)

glomerular filtration

b)

tubular resorption

c)

tubular secretion

d)

glomerular filtration rate

73.

where is renin produced?

a)

kidneys

b)

liver

c)

lungs

d)

gall bladder

74.

which of the following occurs immediately following conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

a)

kidney releases renin

b)

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

c)

vasoconstriction increases blood pressure

d)

aldosterone is released

75.

chronic exercise (training) results in which of the following changes in GFR in older persons?

a)

GFR increases

b)

GFR decreases

c)

GFR does not change

d)

response is variable depending on age

76.

This layer of the intestinal wall allows for selective uptake of nutrients, electrolytes and water.

a)

epithelium

b)

lamina propria

c)

circular muscle

d)

longitudinal muscle

77.

which of the following is a unique feature of the enteric nervous system?

a)

contains neurons and glia

b)

contains virtually every CNS transmitter

c)

is able to function independently form the CNS

d)

there is nothing unique about the enteric nervous system

78.

how long is the transit time of food in the stomach?

a)

2-4 hours

b)

4-6 hours

c)

24-72 hours

d)

72-100 hours

79.

when exercising at > 70% VO2max what happens to the splanchnic blood flow?

a)

blood flow decreases

b)

blood flow increases

c)

no change in blood flow

d)

there is no such thing as splanchnic blood flow

80.

what symptoms might you expect if a patient had radiation to the lower GI tract?

a)

nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia

b)

nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain

c)

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

d)

vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia

81.

this type of effusion will contain a greater concentration of proteins and cellular debris.

a)

lymphedema

b)

transudate

c)

exudate

d)

necrosis

82.

which of the following cell derived inflammatory mediator is responsible for endothelial contraction and is short lived (<30 minutes)?

a)

arachidonic acid derivatives

b)

histamine

c)

platelet activating factor

d)

cytokines

83.

which of the following cells is present ONLY during an immune response and is NOT part of the inflammatory response

a)

neutrophils

b)

monocytes

c)

lymphocytes

d)

mast cells

84.

during this phase of an immune response, the system is dampened after the antigen is cleared.

a)

recognition

b)

amplification

c)

effector

d)

termination

85.

which intensity exercise would likely result in suppression of NK cells?

a)

brief but intense exercise

b)

very intense exercise

c)

moderately intense exercise

d)

brief but light intensity exercise

86.

which intensity of exercise enhances immune function?

a)

light exercise

b)

moderate exercise

c)

intense exercise

d)

all of the above

87.

this process of temperature regulation consists of a transfer of heat between surfaces in direct contact with each other

a)

conduction

b)

convection

c)

radiation

d)

evaporation

88.

in response to being in a hot environment the subcutaneous blood vessels will do which the following in order to assist with heat loss?

a)

vasoconstrict

b)

vasodilate

c)

no change in diameter

d)

vasoconstrict first, then vasodilate

89.

which of the following occurs in the cardiovascular system in response to being in a cold environment?

a)

increase in sympathetic tone

b)

decrease in sympathetic tone

c)

increase in peripheral perfusion

d)

decrease in core perfusion

90.

at which altitude is there a greater than 30% reduction in aerobic capacity

a)

8,000 feet

b)

10,000 feet

c)

12,000 feet

d)

14,000 feet

91.

The cell membrane is made up of which of the following?

a)

sugars, ribosomes, fats

b)

lipids, pumps, sugars

c)

proteins, lipids, channels

d)

fats, pumps, mitochondria

92.

which of the following is present in necrosis but NOT in apoptosis?

a)

membrane blebs

b)

inflammation

c)

cellular fragmentation

d)

phagocytosis

93.

the acute stage of tissue healing typically occurs during which of the following time frames?

a)

0-4/6 days

b)

6-21 days

c)

21-60 days

d)

1+ year

94.

which stage of tissue healing has clinical signs & symptoms including: decreasing inflammation, pain synchronous with tissue resistance, limited function

a)

acute

b)

subacute

c)

chronic

d)

none of the above

95.

which stage of tissue healing has signs & symptoms including: swelling, redness, heat, pain at rest, and loss of function

a)

acute

b)

subacute

c)

chronic

d)

none of the above

96.

these cells are responsible for releasing chemical attractants during the inflammatory phase of healing

a)

macrophages

b)

platlets

c)

vasoactive mediators

d)

growth factors

97.

which of the following are key components during the proliferation phase of healing?

a)

platelets, clotting & growth factors

b)

fibroblasts, endo-, epithelial cells, macrophages

c)

collagen, fibroblasts

d)

neutrophils, macrophages, t-lymphocytes, chemokine

98.

this component of connective tissue is found in ground substance and binds to water to make the ground substance viscous.

a)

fibroblasts

b)

collagen

c)

glycoproteins

d)

proteoglycans

99.

this biomechanical property is ONLY found in non-contractile connective tissues

a)

load-deformation

b)

stress-strain

c)

material

d)

viscoelastic

100.

which viscoelastic property allows for an increase in tendon/ligament when a sustained, fixed load is applied to it?

a)

crimp

b)

creep

c)

hysteresis

d)

stress relaxation

101.

inflammatory cells release which of the following during the inflammatory phage of ligament healing?

a)

growth factors

b)

histamine

c)

proteoglycans

d)

collagen

102.

which of the following changes occur during long-term tendon immobilization?

a)

increased production of ECM

b)

decreased tensile strength

c)

increased collagen cross-linking

d)

decreased adhesion formation

103.

You are evaluating a patient who's referral indicates they suffered an acute, grade I MCL sprain. Which of the following best describes the amount of tissue disruption that has occurred?

a)

no fibers have been ruptured

b)

some stretching and small tears

c)

partial fiber rupture, but some fibers still intact

d)

complete rupture with no intact fibers

104.

which layer of articular cartilage has the greatest resistance to compressive forces?

a)

superficial

b)

transitional

c)

deep

d)

calcified

105.

which of the following is the inorganic compound found in bone matrix?

a)

collagen fibers

b)

proteoglycans

c)

non-collagenous proteins

d)

calcium phosphate

106.

bone cell senses shift in fluid in response to mechanotransduction

a)

osteoblast

b)

osteoclast

c)

osteocyte

d)

osteon

107.

which phase of bone remodeling is characterized by the bone matrix dissolving, osteoclast death, and deposition of non-collagenous mineralized matrix?

a)

activation

b)

resorption

c)

formation

d)

mineralization

108.

which phase of bone healing is facilitated by mechanical stresses placed on the bone

a)

inflammation

b)

initial union

c)

remodeling

d)

mineralization

109.

which component of the myosin filament contains the ATP binding site?

a)

light chain

b)

neck

c)

globular head

d)

tail

110.

which fiber type is characterized as slow, oxidative?

a)

Type I

b)

Type IIa

c)

type IIb

d)

type IIx

111.

which fiber type is characterized as fast, oxidative/glycolytic and fatigue resistant?

a)

type I

b)

type IIa

c)

type IIb

d)

type Iix

112.

in order for the myosin binding sites to be exposed on actin, what needs to happen?

a)

calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b)

calcium bind to troponin C, exposing the binding sites

c)

ATP needs to be present for binding to occur

d)

troponin I needs to be stimulated to expose the binding sites

113.

When ATP binds to the ATP binding site on myosin, what happens to the bond between actin and myosin?

a)

a stronger bond occurs

b)

myosin dissociates from actin

c)

myosin binds to actin

d)

a weaker bond occurs

114.

this type of muscle hypertrophy involves the structural components such as actin/myosin, number and size of myofibrils, and increases in tendon/ligament tissues

a)

type I

b)

type II

c)

Type III

d)

Type IV

115.

which phase of muscle healing is characterized by phagocytosis of the damaged tissue and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation

a)

degeneration and inflammation

b)

regeneration

c)

proliferation

d)

remodeling

116.

during which phase of muscle healing are satellite cells and fibroblasts most prevalent?

a)

phase I

b)

phase II

c)

phase III

d)

phase IV

117.

which of the following is true about the neurotrophic factor response to training?

a)

training increases baseline levels

b)

training decreases baseline levels

c)

training enhances acute changes

d)

training blunts acute changes

118.

the overall purpose of axonal transport is which of the following?

a)

provide nutrients to the cells

b)

generate action potentials

c)

remove waste products from cells

d)

inform on the health of the axon

119.

regeneration begins approximately how many days following a whiplash injury?

a)

1-2 days

b)

3-4 days

c)

5-6 days

d)

7-8 days

120.

when inflammation occurs following neuronal injury which cells respond first?

a)

leukocytes

b)

neutrophils

c)

microglia

d)

schwann cells

121.

which of the following glial cells has the primary function of producing cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators?

a)

astrocytes

b)

microglia

c)

oligodendrocytes

d)

neurons

122.

which of the following happens at 15% elongation of the peripheral nerve tissue?

a)

perineurium tightness

b)

intraneural pressure increase

c)

intraneural microcirculation ceases

d)

intrafascicular capillaries stop flowing

123.

distal nerve regeneration occurs at what rate?

a)

1-2 mm/day

b)

2-3 mm/day

c)

3-4 mm/day

d)

4-5 mm/day

124.

which of the following exercise programs is appropriate for patients with mild cognitive impairments

a)

aerobic only

b)

resistance only

c)

flexibility only

d)

combination of modalities

125.

which of the following is true about E-C coupling in cardiac muscle that does not occur in skeletal muscle?

a)

calcium-induced calcium release contributes to contraction

b)

interaction between DHPR and RyR release calcium

c)

calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d)

action potentials stimulate the DHPR and RyR interaction

126.

as the radius of the blood vessel decreases, the resistance to blood flow...

a)

decreases

b)

does not change

c)

increases

d)

none of the above

127.

which of the following controls cardiac contraction, regulates HR, and blood pressure?

a)

autonomic nervous system

b)

enteric nervous system

c)

somatic nervous system

d)

central nervous system

128.

this reflex is responsible for detecting a change in blood pressure.

a)

baroreceptor

b)

chemoreceptor

c)

endocrine receptor

d)

mechanoreceptor

129.

after a period fo training which of the following does not undergo a change?

a)

heart rate

b)

a-v O2 difference

c)

blood pressure

d)

stroke volume

130.

this component of ventilation exchange is responsible for preventing lung collapse and keeping alveoli open?

a)

tidal volume

b)

expiratory reserve volume

c)

residual volume

d)

vital capacity

131.

in untrained persons, which component of the Fick equation is going to be the limiting factor?

a)

heart

b)

lungs

c)

skeletal muscle

d)

vascular system

132.

which type of exercise below is most likely to include skeletal muscle adaptations of increased TCA cycle enzyme content and activity, a shift towards oxidative metabolism increases in capillary density, and increase in mitochondrial content.

a)

swimming 50m per week

b)

sprint training at 10m intervals

c)

lifting very light weight until fatigue at least 3 days/week

d)

lifting heavy weight at fast speeds

133.

which of the following is the metabolic adaptation skeletal muscle in response to resistance training?

a)

a shift from glycolytic to oxidative capacity

b)

a shift from mixed oxidative and glycolytic to only oxidative

c)

enhancement of glycolytic metabolic capacity

d)

resistance training does not change metabolic capacity

134.

which of the following are the characteristics displayed by an organism under a particular set of environmnental factors?

a)

chromosome

b)

genotype

c)

phenotype

d)

heredity

135.

according to the HERITAGE study, genetics can explain how much of the variability in training reponse?

a)

20%

b)

30%

c)

40%

d)

50%

136.

according to the TWIN studies which of the following factors is NOT an influence by genetics?

a)

lumbar ROM

b)

heart rate

c)

grip strength

d)

sit and reach distance

137.

According to the HERITAGE study how many SNPs accounted for the variance in VO2max train-abilty?

a)

8

b)

12

c)

16

d)

20

138.

which type of exercise is going to provide the best improvement in insulin sensitivity?

a)

aerobic

b)

resistance

c)

aquatic

d)

combined aerobic and resistance

139.

which time of day is the greatest amount of growth hormone secreted?

a)

early morning

b)

midday

c)

afternoon

d)

night

140.

increase growth hormone production and secretion is most related to which of the following exercise parameters?

a)

duration

b)

mode (aerobic and resistance)

c)

frequency

d)

intensity

141.

resistance training has been shown to increase estrogen and progestrone during whcih phase of the menstural cycle?

a)

follicular

b)

menstruation

c)

luteal

d)

ovulation

142.

in response to chronic exercise, circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone do which of the following?

a)

increase in response to moderate to vigorous exercise

b)

decrease in response to moderate to virgorous exercise

c)

increase in response to light to moderate exercise

d)

decrease in response to light to moderate exercise

143.

During which of phase of the menstrual cycle have ACL injuries been reported to be the lowest rate?

a)

follicular

b)

menstruation

c)

luteal

d)

ovulation

144.

this phase of ligament healing is characterized by release of histamine, bradykinins; fibroblasts producing matrix of proteoglycans and collagen

a)

proliferation

b)

remodeling

c)

regeneration

d)

inflammation

145.

which energy production pathway occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

a)

electron transport chain

b)

the citric acid cycle

c)

glycolysis

d)

ATP-PC system

146.

which of the nerve cells has a primary function to produce molecules preventing axon growth in the CNS?

a)

oligodendrocytes

b)

microglia

c)

astrocytes

d)

schwann cells

147.

during chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, which of the following are involved in neuronal inflammation?

a)

microglia release TNF-alpha

b)

altered calcium homeostasis

c)

altered mitochondria function

d)

loss of peripheral sensory fibers

148.

in order for there to be the best chance of peripheral nerve regeneration following a laceration which of the following has to occur

a)

growth cone meeting the endometrial tube

b)

complete clearing of all nerve cell debris

c)

preservation of the basement membrane

d)

nerve cells don't regenerate

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