Arrange the following dosage forms from highest to lowest dissolution rate:

I. Solution II. Capsule III. Suspension IV. Tablet

All of the following statements are true regarding particle size of a drug, EXCEPT:

Which of the following may increase the drug dissolution rate?

I. Too much binder

II. Insoluble diluents

III. High amount of lubricants

Which of the following is not true regarding the purpose of tablet coating?

A surface-active agent that facilitates the absorption of lipophilic drugs or water-insoluble drugs

Phase 2 metabolism that protects the body against chemically reactive metabolites

All of the following listed below are processes of drug excretion, EXCEPT:

It is the basic functional unit of the kidney

Creatinine clearance of a patient with kidney failure

Which of the following drugs listed below will increase its clearance at alkaline urine?

I. Amphetamine

II. Imipramine

III. Barbiturates

IV. Salicylic acid

Which of the following correctly describes ion trapping

Discipline that applies Pharmacokinetic concepts and principles in humans in order to design individualized dosage regimens that optimize the therapeutic response of medication while minimizing the chance of an adverse drug reaction

Chemical conversion of the drug molecule, usually by an enzymatically mediated reaction, into another chemical entity referred to as a metabolite

Volume of serum or blood completely cleared of the drug per unit time

Hypothetical volume that relates drug serum concentrations to the amount of drug in the body

All of the following factors affects the volume of distribution of drug, EXCEPT

The fraction of administered dose that is delivered to the systemic circulation is known as the

Below is an example of

All of the following are true regarding the rate of drug distribution, EXCEPT:

Which of the following factors affect drug distribution?

1. Blood perfusion

2. Tissue composition

3. Plasma protein binding

4 Physicochemical properties of drug

Technique in the determination of drug plasma protein binding that utilizes a special dialysis chamber that is separated into two halves by a semipermeable membrane that allows the transfer of the free drug molecule but not the drug bound to protein.

Which of the following statements are true regarding volume of distribution (Vd) ?

Elimination of a drug refers to:

I. Excretion of unchanged drug in the urine

II. Renal excretion of drug

III. Uptake of a drug from the blood into the liver

IV. Metabolism of drugs in the liver

V. Distribution of drug into fat

The loading dose of a drug is determined by:

I. Drug clearance

II. Elimination rate

III. Target plasma drug concentration

IV. Volume of distribution

V. Duration of drug effect

Half-life:

I. Increases as the clearance increases

II. Decreases as the volume of distribution increases

III. Decreases as clearance increases

IV. Increases as volume of distribution increases

V. Increases as the elimination rate increases

After a single dose of a drug which has a half-life of 12 hours, what percentage of the dose is still in the body after 1 day?

Which of the following routes of administration completely avoid first pass clearance?

I. Buccal

II. Sublingual

III. Rectal

IV. Oral

V. Transdermal

The term linear pharmacokinetic means:

I. A plot of drug concentration vs. time is linear

II. Half-life increases proportionally with dose

III. A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time

IV. Clearance is proportional to the dose

V. Steady state drug concentration is proportional to the dose

Which of the following process are saturable and can result in non-linear pharmacokinetics?

I. Drug metabolism

II. Glomerular filtration

III. Protein binding

IV. Renal tubular secretion

The study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is called:

The application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in and individual patient is known as:

Pharmacodynamics refers to the relationship of drug:

The EC50 refers to the drug concentration at which:

An example of a situation that would not support therapeutic drug concentration monitoring with plasma drug concentrations would be one in which:

The most commonly used model in clinical pharmacokinetic situations is the:

Instantaneous distribution to most body tissues and fluids is assumed in which of the following models?

For a drug that has first-order elimination and follows a one-compartment model, which of the following plots would result in a curved line?

For the body fluid compartments below, rank them from the lowest volume to the highest, in a typical 70-kg person.

All of the following are true regarding clearance, EXCEPT

I. The unit for clearance is volume/time

II. Total body clearance is the sum of clearance by the kidneys, liver, and other routes of elimination

III. To determine drug clearance, we must first determine whether a drug best fits one or two compartment model

With a drug that follows first-order elimination, the amount of drug eliminated per unit time:

Which of the following is a proper unit for 1st order elimination rate constant?

Trapezoidal rule method is used in the computation of:

Which of the following are true regarding AUC?

I. Can be used to determine drug clearance

II. Reflects the amount of drug absorbed

III. Dose administered divided by the drug's clearance

Gentamicin has a t1⁄2 of:

The time between administration of doses is the:

The point at which the amount of drug administered over a dosing interval equals the amount of drug being eliminated over that same period and is totally dependent on the elimination rate constant

Steady-state concentration can be increase by adjusting which of the following parameters?

I. t1⁄2

II. Dose administered

III. Dosing interval

This method of giving multiple doses by infusion at specified intervals is called:

For a drug regimen, if the elimination rate (K) of a drug is reduced while volume of distribution, drug dose, and dosing interval remain constant, the peak and trough concentrations will:

Method used in toxicokinetics and for the extrapolation of therapeutic drug doses in humans from nonclinical animal

drug studies.

A condition in which glomerular filtration is impaired or reduced, leading to accumulation of excessive fluid and blood nitrogenous products in the body.

Common cause of kidney failure, EXCEPT:

I. Pyelonephritis

II. Hypotension

III. Diabetes mellitus

IV. Nephroallergens

A fructose polysaccharide used as a standard reference for the measurement of GFR:

The normal blood urea nitrogen for a patient is:

Which of the following are true regarding creatinine clearance?

I. Volume of plasma cleared of creatinine per unit time

II. Calculated directly by dividing rate of urinary excretion of creatinine by the patient's serum creatinine concentration

III. Creatinine clearance is expressed in mL/min and serum creatinine concentration in mg/dL or mg%

Stage of kidney disease with creatinine clearance of 30-59 mL/min

Patients with mild decrease in glomerular filtration rate has a creatinine clearance of:

An artificial process in which the accumulation of drugs or waste metabolites is removed by diffusion from the body

into the specialized fluid

Uses a dialysis machine and filters blood through an artificial membrane. It requires access to the blood vessels to allow the blood to flow to the dialysis machine and back to the body.

A process by which fluids, electrolytes, and small molecular weight substances are removed from the blood by means of low pressure flow through hollow artificial fibers or flat plate membranes

Hepatic metabolic marker found in liver and many other tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscles:

Hepatic metabolic marker that is only specific on liver:

Patients having liver disease have the following pharmacokinetic characteristics except:

Pregnancy category wherein there is a positive evidence of risk in taking the drug but the benefit in taking the drug

outweighs the risk.

Pharmacokinetic behavior of geriatric patients:

I. Impaired absorption

II. Slow metabolism

III. Prolonged drug half-life

All of the following are true regarding capacity limited excretion, EXCEPT:

Example of a drug that exhibits saturable protein binding:

I. Nicardipine

II. Propranolol

III. Amoxicillin

The following parameters listed below can be adjusted when designing a multiple dosage regimen except:

The initial step in the elimination process via the kidney occurs in the:

The capacity of the body to eliminate the drug after it has reached the general circulation is reflected by the:

The process of drug metabolism and excretion constitute:

True about enzyme induction:

I. Low therapeutic levels of active drug (decrease drug efficacy)

II. Prodrug (decrease in efficacy)

III. Toxic metabolite (decrease in toxicity)

Which of the following enzyme(s) is/are utilized in Phase I Metabolism?

I. CYP3A4

II. UDP glucuronosyl acyltransferase

III. N-acetyltransferase

Which of the following enzyme(s) is/are utilized in Phase II Metabolism?

I. CYP3A4

II. UDP glucuronosyl acyltransferase

III. N-acetyltransferase

A lipophilic medicinal agent has the following property:

The plasma level time curve below follows what compartment model?

Drug Clearance:

I. A measure of drug elimination from the body

II. Drug clearance refers to the volume of plasma fluid that is cleared of drug per unit

III. Clearance may also be considered as the fraction of drug removed per unit time multiplied by the rate constant

Volume of distribution:

I. The theoretical volume that would be necessary to contain the total amount of an administered drug at the same concentration that is observed in the plasma

II. Indicator of the extent of drug distribution into body fluids and tissues

III. Important in calculation of drug dose

The amount of drug A is decreasing at a rate that is proportional to the amount of drug A

Procedures employing test apparatus and equipment without involving laboratory animals or humans.

Release of the drug substance from the drug product either for local drug action or for drug absorption into the plasma for systemic therapeutic activity

Biopharmaceutics examines the interrelationship of the following, EXCEPT:

I. Physical/chemical properties of the drug

II. The dosage form (drug product) in which the drug is given

III. Route of administration

IV. Rate and extent of systemic drug absorption.

Oral, topical, parenteral, transdermal, inhalation are examples of:

Application of pharmacokinetic principles to the design, conduct and interpretation of drug safety evaluation studies and in validating dose related exposure in animals.

Include sampling blood, spinal fluid, synovial fluid, tissue biopsy, or any biologic material that requires parenteral or

surgical intervention in the patient.

The noncellular liquid fraction of whole blood and contains all the proteins including albumin

Liquid obtained from whole blood after the blood is allowed to clot and the clot is removed. Does not contain the cellular elements, fibrinogen, or the other clotting factors from the blood.

Difference between the onset time and the time for the drug to decline back to the MEC.

Corresponds to the time required for the drug to reach the MEC

The plasma level time curve below portrays a drug that is administered in what route of administration?

Presence of drug in this sample may reflect drug that has not been absorbed after an oral dose or may relfect drug

that has been expelled by biliary secretion after systemic absorption.

Which of the following are functions of pharmacokinetic models?

I. Predict plasma, tissue, and urine drug levels with any dosage regimen

II. Calculate the optimum dosage regimen for each patient individually

III. Evaluate differences in the rate or extent of availability between formulations

Unit for zero order rate constant:

Unit for clearance:

Unit for plasma drug concentration

Unit for area under the curve

Unit for 1st order rate constant:

All of the following are included in the peripheral compartment/tissue compartment, EXCEPT:

I. Fat

II. Muscle

III. Cerebrospinal fluid

IV. Plasma

The curve that represents the initial, more rapid decline of drug from the central compartment into the tissue

compartment as seen in the plasma level time curve below is:

The pharmacokinetics of a drug given by constant IV infusion follows what input process?

Constant IV drug infusion are considered to have zero order drug absorption because of the direct input. Once the drug is infused, most of the drug is eliminated by first order elimination.

Drug elimination is usually divided into two major components: excretion and biotransformation. Drug excretion is the removal of the interact drug.

Nonvolatile and polar drugs are excreted mainly by renal excretion. Volatile drugs, such as gaseous anesthetics,

alcohol or drugs with high volatility, are excreted via the lungs into expired air.

Biotransformation is the process by which the drug is chemically converted in the body to a metabolite. Other name for drug biotransformation is drug elimination.

The two major drug eliminating organs in the body:

I. Heart

II. Lungs

III. Liver

IV. Kidney

Major route of elimination for many drugs:

The processes by which a drug is excreted via the kidneys may include any combination of the following listed below, EXCEPT:

I. Glomerular filtration

II. Active tubular secretion

III. Passive secretion

IV. Tubular reabsorption

Unidirectional drug excretion process that occurs for most small molecules (MW < 500), including nonionized and

ionized drugs.

A carrier mediated system that requires energy input, because the drug is transported against a concentration

gradient.

Occurs after the drug is filtered through the glomerulus and can be an active or passive involving transporting back of the drug into the plasma:

All of the following listed below are characteristics of active tubular secretion process, EXCEPT:

I. Carrier mediated system that requires energy input

II. Drugs with similar structures may compete for the same carrier system

III. It can be a passive process

Active tubular secretion happens in this part of kidney:

Tubular reabsorption happens in this part of kidney:

Which renal elimination processes are influenced by protein binding?

Which renal elimination processes are influenced by urinary pH?

Which renal elimination processes are influenced by competitive inhibitors?

The purpose of giving a loading dose is to achieve desired plasma concentrations as quickly as possible. For a drug

with long elimination half-life, it may take a long time to achieve steady state levels.

When several doses are administered for a drug with linear kinetics, drug accumulation may occur according to the principle of superposition. The principle of superposition is used to examine the effect of an early, late, or missing dose on steady state drug concentration.

Example of a drugs that undergo nonlinear pharmacokinetics thru saturable plasma protein binding:

I. Phenylbutazone

II. Warfarin

III. Levodopa

IV. Riboflavin

Example of a drugs that undergo nonlinear pharmacokinetics thru saturable transport in GUT wall:

I. Phenylbutazone

II. Warfarin

III. Levodopa

IV. Riboflavin

Drugs that demonstrate saturation kinetics usually show which of the following characteristics?

I. Elimination of drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics

II. Elimination kinetics are linear

III. The area under the curve is not proportional to the amount

IV. The elimination of half-life does not change as dose is increased.

Refers to a noncyclical change in the drug absorption or drug elimination rate process over a period of time.

For a 70 kg male patient, the approximate volume of extracellular water is:

For a 70 kg male patient, the approximate volume of intracellular water is:

Represents the pressure gradient between the arterial end of the capillaries entering the tissue and the venous

capillaries leaving the tissue.

Which of the following human tissues receives the least blood flow?

Physical property thay measures the ratio of the solubility of the drug in the oil phase to solubility in the aqueous phase

The volume of blood that perfuses the liver which is cleared of drug per unit of time

Acetaminophen is converted to a reactive metabolite which causes hepatic necrosis thru what biotransformation

reaction?

Codeine is converted to morphine thru what biotransformation reaction?

These drugs are inactive and must be biotransformed in the body to metabolites that have pharmacologic activity:

Which of the following is under phase I biotransformation reaction?

I. Aromatic hydroxylation

II. Deamination

III. Nitroreduction

IV. Glycine conjugation

V. Methylation

Which of the following is under phase II biotransformation reaction?

I. Aromatic hydroxylation

II. Deamination

III. Nitroreduction

IV. Glycine conjugation

V. Methylation

CYP450 enzyme responsible for metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin and losartan:

Which of the following CYP450 enzyme is prone to genetic polymorphism?

I. CYP2C9

II. CYP2D6

III.CYP2C19

IV.CYP3A4

The most highly polymorphic CYP with more than 70 allelic variants reported

The most abundant CYP450 in the liver and metabolizes over 50% of the clinically used drugs:

Responsible for the metabolism of about 5% of marketed drugs including fluvoxamine, clozapine, olanzapine and

theophylline:

Polymorphisms of this phase 1 enzyme result in a loss of enzymatic activity leading to the accumulation of the

chemotherapeutic agent 5-flourouracil, which leads to significant toxicity including leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and stomatitis.

The metabolism of procainamide, hydralazine and isoniazid is dependent on this phase II enzyme:

Genome wide analysis of the genetic determinants of drug efficacy and toxicity:

The systemic absorption of drug is dependent on the following factors, EXCEPT: