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Physics Unit 4 Review - Thermodynamics

Total questions: 84

Worksheet time: 47mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

particles of solids, liquids, and gases have kinetic energy because the particle are in constant...

a)

motion

b)

equilibrium

c)

rest

d)

conflict

2.

Which best describe the kinetic energy of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases? Check all that apply

a)

Particles in solids have low kinetic energy.

b)

Particles in solids have high kinetic energy.

c)

Particles in liquids have moderate kinetic energy

d)

Particles in liquids have low kinetic energy.

e)

Particles in gases have high kinetic energy.

3.

measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

a)

temperature

b)

heat

c)

thermal energy

4.

Choose the three scales that can be used to measure temperature:

a)

Fahrenheit

b)

Celsius

c)

Kelvin

d)

Joules

e)

Richter

5.

Temperature and kinetic energy have ______ relationship

a)

direct

b)

inverse

c)

no

6.

total potential energy and kinetic energies of the particles in a substance

a)

internal energy

b)

thermal energy

c)

heat

d)

temperature

7.

the part of total internal energy that can be transferred from one substance to another substance

a)

thermal energy

b)

internal energy

c)

heat

d)

temperature

8.

the thermal energy that flows from one substance to another due to temperature difference

a)

heat

b)

thermal energy

c)

temperature

d)

internal energy

9.

amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

a)

specific heat

b)

latent heat of fusion

c)

latent heat of vaporiztion

d)

total heat

10.

in the formula Q=mcΔtQ=mc\Delta t  , what do the variables represent? check all that apply

a)

Q: heat required to raise the temperature

b)

m: mass of the substance

c)

c: specific heat of substance

d)

 ΔT\Delta T  : change in temperature

e)

 ΔT\Delta T  : change in time

11.

when two liquids are added together, what happens? check all that apply

a)

warmer liquid cools down as it loses heat to cooler liquid

b)

cooler liquid warms up as it gains heat from the warmer liquid

c)

warmer liquid warms up as it gains heat from the cooler liquid

d)

cooler liquid cools down as it loses heat to warmer liquid

12.

The chart shows specific heat data for four substances.

Which conclusion is best supported by the data?

a)

Substance X has a lower atomic mass than substance W.

b)

Substance Y has a higher atomic mass than substance X.

c)

Substance Y has more atoms per gram than substance W.

d)

Substance Z has fewer atoms per gram than substance X.

13.

Copper has a specific heat of 0.386 J/g°C. How much heat is required to increase 5.00 g of copper from 0.0°C to 10.0°C?

a)

3.86 J

b)

5.00 J

c)

10.0 J

d)

19.3 J

14.

which laws states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, however, it can be transferred from one substance to another?

a)

law of conservation of energy

b)

law of conservation of mass

c)

law of conservation of momentum

d)

law of conservation of atoms

15.

transfer of thermal energy by movement of molecules and direct contact of molecules

a)

conduction

b)

convection

c)

radiation

d)

energy transformation

16.

transfer of thermal energy by movement of a fluid, where warmer fluid is less dense than cooler liquid

a)

convection

b)

conduction

c)

radiation

d)

energy transformation

17.

movement of a fluid due to density differences

a)

convection current

b)

convection flow

c)

conduction current

d)

radiation waves

18.

disturbance that carries energy from one place to another

a)

wave

b)

current

c)

flow

d)

pulse

19.

transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves

a)

radiation

b)

convection

c)

conduction

20.

Which is an example of radiation?

a)

An ice pack is placed on a knee, and the knee cools down.

b)

A rock is warmed by an ultraviolet heat lamp.

c)

Hot coffee in a mug causes the mug to warm up.

d)

Cold salt water sinks to the bottom of the ocean.

21.

The diagram shows a pot sitting on a gas stove burner.

Which shows the order in which thermal energy is transferred by conduction?

a)

stove burner -> pan -> bottom of pan handle -> top of pan handle

b)

top of pan handle -> bottom of pan handle -> pan -> stove burner

c)

pan -> stove burner -> bottom of pan handle -> top of pan handle

d)

top of pan handle -> bottom of pan handle -> stove burner -> pan

22.

Earth’s magnetic field results from movements in the

a)

mantle

b)

outer core.

c)

inner core.

d)

crust.

23.

T or F: Pressure increases from Earth’s surface toward the center of Earth.

a)

T

b)

F

24.

Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth’s interior is made up of several...

a)

continents.

b)

layers

c)

ridges

d)

trenches

25.

Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of...

a)

seismic waves

b)

rock samples

c)

liquid iron

d)

volcanic eruption

26.

Scientists think that the __________, made of liquid iron and nickel, moves to produce Earth’s magnetic field.

a)

crust

b)

mantle

c)

outer core

d)

inner core

27.

Earth’s mantle is

a)

layer of molten metal

b)

layer of hot rock

c)

dense ball of solid metal

d)

layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin

28.

The part of the mantle called the _____ is made of soft rock that bends like plastic.

a)

asthenosphere

b)

lithosphere

c)

crust

d)

mantle

29.

Earthquakes produce ______ that travel though Earth

a)

seismic waves

b)

asthenosphere

c)

basalt

d)

granite

30.

Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by

a)

measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface.

b)

estimating temperature inside earth

c)

directly looking under the many layers

d)

recording and studying seismic waves

31.

Earth’s inner core is

a)

dense ball of solid metal

b)

layer of molten metal

c)

layer of hot rock

d)

layer of rock that form's Earth's outer skin

32.

In the mantle, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as ______ currents.

a)

convection

b)

conduction

c)

radiation

33.

The energy from the sun that warms your face is transferred by a process called ______.

a)

radiation

b)

convection

c)

conduction

34.

T or F: Convection currents in the Earth’s crust cause volcanoes.

a)

T

b)

F

35.

Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth’s...

a)

continents

b)

mantle

c)

lithosphere

d)

inner core

36.

T or F: Convection currents affect the movement of plates on the Earth's crust.

a)

T

b)

F

37.

When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand. This is called...

a)

magnetic energy.

b)

indirect evidence

c)

subduction

d)

heat transfer

38.

what are the states of matter? check all that apply

a)

solid

b)

liquid

c)

gas

d)

plasma

e)

air

39.

What is the primary difference between the states of matter?

a)

color of the substance

b)

mass of the substance

c)

number of atoms in the substance

d)

amount of movement of atoms in the substance

40.

which statements accurately describe solids? check all that apply

a)

atoms vibrate, but are locked in place

b)

rigid shape

c)

hard to compress

d)

takes shape of container

41.

which statements accurately describe liquids? check all that apply

a)

atoms have some freedom to move

b)

takes shape of container

c)

hard to compress

d)

atoms move freely

42.

which statements accurately describe gases? check all that apply

a)

atoms move freely

b)

no definite shape

c)

easy to compress

d)

hard to compress

43.

which statements accurately describe plasma? check all that apply

a)

contains ions and free electrons

b)

can conduct electricity

c)

created when a lot of energy is applied to a gas

d)

has a rigid shape

e)

cannnot conduct electricity

44.

check all that apply: the energy to create plasma can come from...

a)

high pressure

b)

high temperature

c)

strong electric field

d)

strong force

45.

A mass of charged ions that can expand out of an open container would be considered a...

a)

gas

b)

solid

c)

plasma

d)

liquid

46.

Compressed gas has many uses. It can be held in a tank like this with a valve that can be opened to safely release small amounts of gas at a time. The valve usually releases the gas into a tube through which it travels to another container. It is only safe to allow small amounts of compressed gas out at a time.

What is the most likely reason it is dangerous to break open a compressed gas tank?

a)

Any gas would react with whatever air is around it to cause fire and electric bolts when released.

b)

A gas would be at such a cold temperature when it is compressed that it would cause everything to freeze around it.

c)

A compressed gas would expand very quickly if released uncontrollably and would hit nearby people or objects very hard.

d)

Any compressed matter will change the shape of its container, so if the gas were released into a room, it would change the shape of the walls.

47.

A floating balloon can be formed when the substance helium is released from a compressed container into a flat rubber balloon. Then, the decompressed helium atoms expand and float up, making the rubber balloon expand around them and float with them. What is helium’s state when it does this?

a)

liquid

b)

solid

c)

gas

d)

plasma

48.

choose all changes of state between solid and liquid

a)

melting

b)

freezing

c)

vaporization

d)

condensation

49.

choose all changes of state between liquid and gas

a)

vaporization

b)

condensation

c)

melting

d)

freezing

50.

process by which a solid changes directly to a gas

a)

sublimation

b)

deposition

c)

condensation

d)

vaporization

51.

process by which a gas changes directly to a solid

a)

deposition

b)

sublimation

c)

condensation

d)

vaporization

52.

graph that shows what happens to a substance as it absorbs heat

a)

heating curves

b)

motion maps

c)

free body diagrams

d)

latent heat graphs

53.

amount of energy involved in changing a solid to a liquid or liquid to solid

a)

latent heat of fusion

b)

latent heat of vaporization

c)

latent heat of sublimation

d)

latent heat of condensation

54.

formula for latent leat of fusion

a)

Q=±mLfQ=\pm mL_f

b)

Q=±mLvQ=\pm mL_v

c)

Q=−mLfQ=-mL_f

55.

amount of energy involved in changing a liquid to a gas or a gas to a liquid

a)

latent heat of vaporization

b)

latent heat of fusion

c)

latent heat of condensation

d)

latent heat of deposition

56.

Sunidhi made a study chart about changes in states of matter.

Which headings best complete the chart?

a)

X: Solid Directly to Liquid

Y: Liquid Directly to Solid

b)

X: Liquid Directly to Solid

Y: Solid Directly to Liquid

c)

X: Heat Is Released

Y: Heat Is Absorbed

d)

X: Heat Is Absorbed

Y: Heat Is Released

57.

How much heat is released when 12.0 grams of helium gas condense at 2.17 K? The latent heat of vaporization of helium is 21 J/g.

a)

–250 J

b)

–26 J

c)

26 J

d)

250 J

58.

How much heat is needed to melt 45.00 g of ice at 0°C if the latent heat of fusion of water is 333.7 J/g?

a)

288.7 J

b)

378.7 J

c)

14,220 J

d)

15,020 J

59.

How much heat is released when 25.0 grams of liquid copper at its freezing point of 1,085°C changes to solid? The latent heat of fusion of copper is 205.0 J/g.

a)

–27,130 J

b)

–5,130 J

c)

5,130 J

d)

27,130 J

60.

branch of physics that studies the relationship between thermal energy and other forms of energy

a)

thermodynamics

b)

mechanics

c)

heat science

d)

plasma physics

61.

the first law of thermodynamics states

a)

energy can be transformed and transferred, not created or destroyed

b)

heat added to a system increases internal energy

c)

heat added to a system is transformed into work

d)

heat added to a system decreases internal energy

62.

 Q=ΔU+WQ=\Delta U+W : in this formula from the first law of thermodynamics, what do the variables represent? check all that apply

a)

Q = heat (J)

b)

 ΔU\Delta U  : changes in internal energy (J)

c)

W: work (J)

d)

W: weight

e)

Q ; internal energy

63.

device that uses heat to produce useful work

a)

heat engine

b)

thermal engine

c)

temperature gauge

d)

heat source

64.

rapid shift between compression of a gas and expansion of a gas

a)

adiabatic process

b)

engine process

c)

temperature increase

d)

thermal expansion

65.

check all that apply to the compression and expansion of gases in the adiabatic process

a)

when gases are compressed, energy and temperature increase

b)

when gases expand, energy and temperature decrease

c)

when gases are compressed, energy and temperature decrease

d)

when gases expand, energy and temperature increase

66.

What is the correct order of processes that take place in a heat engine?

a)

intake, compression, ignition, exhaust

b)

intake, ignition, compression, exhaust

c)

exhaust, ignition, compression, intake

d)

ignition, compression, intake, exhaust

67.

fuel air mixture enters cylinder as gas expands

a)

intake

b)

compression

c)

exhaust

d)

ignition

68.

piston moves up, gas compressed, temperature increases

a)

compression

b)

ignition

c)

intake

d)

exhaust

69.

spark plug fires, combustion of compressed gas, gas expands

a)

ignition

b)

compression

c)

exhaust

d)

intake

70.

piston moves up, burned gases go through exhaust valve

a)

exhaust

b)

ignition

c)

compression

d)

intake

71.

A piston uses 32 J of energy to do work as 68 J of heat are added to the cylinder of the piston.

The change in internal energy of the system is (a)   J.

72.

A closed system’s internal energy changes by 178 J as a result of being heated with 658 J of energy.

The energy used to do work by the system is (a)   J.

73.

which law of thermodynamics describes the direction of the flow of thermal energy in spontaneous processes?

a)

second

b)

third

c)

first

d)

ninth

74.

the second law of thermodynamics states that energy flows from...

a)

warmer to cooler

b)

cooler to warmer

75.

systems have a natural tendency to

a)

evenly distribute energy

b)

spontaneously combust

c)

unevenly distribute energy

76.

Which statement correctly relates the first and second laws of thermodynamics?

a)

Thermal-energy flow between objects is conserved and always flows from the warmer object to the cooler object.

b)

Thermal-energy flow between objects is conserved and flows from the cooler object to the warmer object.

c)

Thermal-energy flow between objects is never conserved but flows from the warmer object to the cooler object.

77.

measure of disorder of a system

a)

entropy

b)

enthalpy

78.

Which best describes the relationship between energy and entropy in the universe?

a)

For entropy to increase, energy must be added.

b)

For entropy to decrease, energy must be added.

c)

For entropy to remain constant, energy must be added.

79.

check all that apply: which statements describe the relationship between heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics

a)

thermal energy flows from heat source to cold sink

b)

some thermal energy is used for work

c)

some thermal energy is released to a cold sink

d)

energy released to the cold sink cannot be used for work

e)

all thermal energy is used for work

80.

ratio of output work to input work expressed as a percentage

a)

efficiency

b)

average work

c)

thermodynamics

d)

internal energy

81.

T or F: it is possible for a machine to be 100 percent efficient

a)

F

b)

T

82.

Which is the best example of increasing entropy?

a)

A pile of library books is placed in a neat stack on a shelf.

b)

A cyclist pedals harder while riding uphill.

c)

A deserted field becomes overgrown with weeds.

d)

A dining room is cleaned to remove dust.

83.

What is the formula for calculating the efficiency of a heat engine?

a)

efficiency: Th−TcTh⋅100\frac{T_h-T_c}{T_h}\cdot100

b)

efficiency: Tc−ThTh⋅100\frac{T_c-T_h}{T_h}\cdot100

c)

efficiency: Th−TcTc⋅100\frac{T_h-T_c}{T_c}\cdot100

d)

efficiency: Tc−ThTc⋅100\frac{T_c-T_h}{T_c}\cdot100

84.

The diagram is a real-world example of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It shows how thermal energy is used to generate electricity.

Which best describes how the diagram illustrates both laws of thermodynamics?

a)

First law: High-temperature steam flows to an area of lower temperature in the turbines.

Second law: Thermal energy is used to do work on the turbines.

b)

First law: Thermal energy is used to do work on the turbines.

Second law: High-temperature steam flows to an area of lower temperatures in the turbines.

c)

First law: Some thermal energy is lost to the surrounding environment as it travels through the system.

Second law: Kinetic energy is used to turn an electrical generator.

d)

First law: Kinetic energy is used to turn an electrical generator.

Second law: Some thermal energy is lost to the surrounding environment as it travels through the system.

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