One renal pyramid and its overlying cortex constitute one __________.

The __________ carries blood directly into the glomerulus.

A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________.

The _____________ are blood vessels that surround the renal tubules.

Blood plasma is filtered in the __________.

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________.

In a healthy kidney, very little __________is filtered by the glomerulus.

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

In response to a drop in overall hydrostatic blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.

Renin converts angiotensinogen, released from the __________, into angiotensin I.

The __________ are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity of the renal medulla versus the renal cortex.

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

Hormones secreted by the heart, called __________, act to increase the excretion of salt and water in the urine, which decreases blood volume and pressure.

Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when _________.

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to secrete___________.

The average adult produces approximately __________ of urine per day.

Excessive urine output is called _________

Contraction of the __________ stimulates voiding of the urine.

Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters is prevented by __________.

The ___________ reflex stimulates the voiding of urine.

Water output is significantly controlled through variations in ____________.

When blood volume and pressure are too high ____________.

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except __________.

The mechanism of stabilizing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.

The major chemical buffers of the body are ___________.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.

It is normal to find some glucose in the urine.

Aldosterone increases salt retention, which causes water retention.

Glomerular filtration occurs when blood plasma leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule.

The __________ is a muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Which of the following is true of antidiuretic hormone?

Which of the following is true regarding aldosterone?

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called __________.

The ability to maintain internal stability is called

The study of the structure and function of the hormone-producing glands is called

When writing his/her notes, a doctor mistakenly misspells the intended word "ileum" as "ilium", stating "examine the ilium further". What is the possible outcome of this mistake?

When examining a patient, a nurse notices that the right kidney is not in its usual location. This most likely means

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of

On average the resting heart rate of a healthy, normal adult human is between 70 and 80 beats per minute (bpm). A marathon runner may have a resting heart rate of 55 bpm. This is an example of

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates release of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces blood glucose concentration. This is an example of

Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position?

The right shoulder is ______ and __________ to the umbilical region.

The most superior segment of the upper limb is called

The trachea is _____ to the esophagus.

The plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called the _____ plane.

This system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

The ________ is an organ directly associated with both the _____ systems.

This system provides protection, water retention, thermoregulation, and vitamin D production

This system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

The abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the

The brain and the spinal cord are protected by

The _______ cavity contains the lungs, which are enfolded in the _____.

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

The heart occupies a space called the pleural cavity.

Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens.

Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tend to produce rapid change in the body.

Blood has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Slight deviations from this can cause major problems oreven death. You are doing an intense workout, and your skeletal muscle cells are producing metabolic acids such as lactic acid. Your blood pH does not drop significantly in spite of the metabolic acids released into the blood. You maintain a constant blood pH because

Consider oxygen, which has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

Glucose is broken down in most of your cells to form carbon dioxide, oxygen, and the energy currency of the cell called ATP. This type of reaction is both _________ and ___________.

The most relevant form of energy in human physiology is the energy stored in

Enzymes are specific to substrates because of the shape of their

Nucleic acids are ______ of ______.

When ATP breaks down to ADP, potential energy stored in bonds is released. This energy stored in bonds is __________ energy.

The opposite of a dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis.

In a synthesis reaction, new covalent bonds are formed between smaller molecules to form a larger molecule.

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

Ionic bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds.

Any chemical reaction in which an atom gains electrons is called:

A solution that resists a change in pH when acid or base is added to it is

A solution with pH 4 has ______ the H ⁺ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

Blood pH is approximately 7.4, which is slightly acidic.

Calcitriol is the most active form of _____________.

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood that are too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

A decrease in the mineral content of bone can cause the bone to soften.

___________ gives bone the ability to resist compression, whereas ____________ resists tension.

_______________ are common in compact bone but rarely seen in spongy bone.

The cells that deposit bone matrix are called ______________

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except

Due to vertebral compression fractures, osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature.

Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in adults.

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _____________, which is replaced by bone

Intramembranous ossification is responsible for the formation of the

The antagonist for the triceps brachii is the

All of the following are functions of muscles except

Which of the following activities would increase a muscle's resistance to fatigue?

In skeletal muscle, alternating light and dark bands are termed

The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to

The neurotransmitter that is excitatory for skeletal muscles is called

The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to which of the following?

Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?

The longest muscle in the human body is the:

Release of acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction

Which of the following does not contribute to a person's tolerance to prolonged exercise?

Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?

To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.

Aerobic respiration produces approximately _____ more ATPs than anaerobic fermentation.

Which of the following would be caused by contraction of smooth muscle?

Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically one would expect him to have highly developed

Exposure to Clostridium tetani causes continuous release of acetylcholine. What effect does this have on smooth muscle?

Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. These drugs

After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially kiss using which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?

Calcitriol is the most active form of _____________.

Bone cells called ___________ have the greatest number of lysosomes.

A crista ampullaris is found within each of the ____________.

A patient's blood is found to be abnormally viscous. This could be due to abnormally high ___________ concentration, as this component is the main contributor to blood viscosity.

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and

Most oxygen is transported bound to