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Penny Abdomen- Anatomy & Physiology

Total questions: 213

Worksheet time: 53hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of the following lab values would typically be decreased in the presence of cirrhosis?

a)

Alanine aminotransferase

b)

Albumin

c)

Lactate dehydrogenase

d)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

2.

What muscle extends from the temporal bone to the clavicle?

a)

Trapezius

b)

Masseter

c)

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

d)

Longus colli

3.

What structure releases adrenocorticosteroid hormone?

a)

Adrenal gland

b)

Thyroid gland

c)

Anterior pituitary gland

d)

Gerota fascia

e)

Hypothalamus

4.

Which peritoneal cavity space is located posterior to the uterus and anterior to the rectum?

a)

Vesicouterine pouch

b)

Morrison's pouch

c)

Anterior cul-de-sac

d)

Pouch of Douglas

5.

Which of the following is not another name for an accessory spleen?

a)

Supernumerary spleen

b)

Splenunculus

c)

Splenule

d)

Wandering spleen

6.

All of the following are true concerning the location of the spleen except:

a)

The spleen is located lateral to the adrenal gland and pancreatic tail

b)

The spleen is located anterior to the left kidney

c)

The spleen is located inferior to the diaphragm

d)

The spleen is located posterolateral to the stomach

7.

What structure marks the posterior border of the caudate lobe?

a)

Abdominal aorta

b)

Left hepatic vein

c)

IVC

d)

Ligamentum venosum

8.

Which of the following would typically not lead to compensatory hypertrophy?

a)

Left renal hypoplasia

b)

Bilateral renal agenesis

c)

Unilateral renal agenesis

d)

Left multicystic kidney disease

9.

What is the term for the ectopic implantation of splenic tissue following splenic rupture?

a)

Splenosis

b)

Polysplenia

c)

Spenunculus

d)

Wandering spleen

10.

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex?

a)

Norepinephrine

b)

Androgens

c)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

d)

Epinephrine

11.

The Couinaud system is used to separate the liver into:

a)

Eight segments

b)

Three segments

c)

Five segments

d)

Four segments

12.

Which of the following connects bones to bones?

a)

Ligaments

b)

Tendons

c)

Muscles

d)

Synovial membranes

13.

Which vessel joins with the SMV posterior to the pancreatic neck to form the portal vein?

a)

Gastroduodenal vein

b)

Splenic artery

c)

Celiac vein

d)

Splenic vein

14.

Which of the following would typically not be a structure noted during a sonographic exam of the epigastric region?

a)

SMA

b)

Duct of Santorini

c)

Duct of Wirsung

d)

Gastroduodenal artery

15.

Which peritoneal cavity space is located just inferior and adjacent to the diaphragm?

a)

Right subphrenic space

b)

Posterior cul-de-sac

c)

Anterior cul-de-sac

d)

Subhepatic space

16.

Which of the following is another name for the pouch of Douglas?

a)

Posterior cul-de-sac

b)

Anterior cul-de-sac

c)

Vesicouterine pouch

d)

Paracolic gutter

17.

Which of the following would not be an element of the endocrine system?

a)

Pancreas

b)

Thyroid

c)

Adrenal glands

d)

Spleen

18.

What is the central portion of the chest that contains the heart, thymus gland, part of the trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes?

a)

Mediastinum

b)

Medial crura

c)

Median cleft

d)

Pleural intermediate space

19.

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hepatic artery?

a)

The common hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk, the first main branch of the abdominal aorta

b)

The normal high resistance flow pattern of the hepatic artery can be noted with Doppler imaging

c)

The common hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver from the abdominal aorta.

d)

The hepatic artery takes a course anterior to the main portal vein in the porta hepatis

20.

The appendix is attached to the:

a)

Descending colon

b)

Ischium

c)

Distal rectum

d)

Cecum

21.

Which of the following is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which aids in digestion of fats?

a)

Lipase

b)

Trypsin

c)

Insulin

d)

Sodium bicarbonate

22.

Which of the following would be best described as an extension of the renal cortex located between the renal pyramids?

a)

Infundibulum

b)

Papillary processes

c)

Junctional lines

d)

Columns of Bertin

23.

Which hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amount of sodium and water in the body?

a)

Aldosterone

b)

Epinephrine

c)

Cortislim

d)

Cortisol

24.

Which of the following is not a region of the stomach?

a)

Body

b)

Antrum

c)

Fundus

d)

Pylorus

25.

Which of the following hormones of the thyroid is responsible for removing calcium from the blood for storage in the bones?

a)

Thyroxine

b)

Triidothyronine

c)

Serum calcium

d)

Calcitonin

26.

The portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ is referred to as:

a)

Lesser peritoneum

b)

Parietal peritoneum

c)

Intraperitoneum

d)

Visceral peritoneum

27.

Which of the following would not be consistent with life?

a)

Bilateral renal agenesis

b)

Renal sinus lipomatosis

c)

Unilateral renal hypoplasia

d)

Fetal lobulation

28.

What is the most transrectal sonographic appearance of the seminal vesicles?

a)

Hypoechoic structures between the bladder and the prostate

b)

Hyperechoic structures between the bladder and the prostate

c)

Anechoic structures between the bladder and the urethra

d)

Heterogeneous structures between the urethra and the prostate

29.

Which of the following typically has a high resistant waveform pattern?

a)

Renal arteries

b)

Common hepatic artery

c)

Common iliac artery

d)

Celiac artery

30.

Which of the following would be considered to be the most distal segment of the biliary tree?

a)

Intrahepatic duct

b)

CBD

c)

Common hepatic duct

d)

Cystic duct

31.

Which of the following describes the exocrine function of the pancreas?

a)

The production of vital hormones including insulin and glucagon

b)

The production of digestive enzymes such as bile and bile acids

c)

The production of vital hormones, including epinephrine and aldosterone

d)

The production of digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate

32.

Which of the following is considered both intersegmental and interlobar?

a)

Biliary radicles

b)

Hepatic arteries

c)

Hepatic veins

d)

Portal veins

33.

Which of the following structures contains the rete testis?

a)

Bulbourethral gland

b)

Vas defernes

c)

Tunica vaginalis

d)

Mediastinum testes

34.

Which structure is not used to separate the right and left lobes of the liver?

a)

Gallbladder fossa

b)

Middle hepatic vein

c)

Ligamentum venosum

d)

Main lobar fissure

35.

Which of the following is a branch of the right hepatic artery?

a)

Gastroduodenal artery

b)

Coronary artery

c)

Middle hepatic artery

d)

Cystic artery

36.

Upon sonographic interrogation of the pancreas in a 34 year old female patient complaining of epigastric pain, two parallel echogenic lines are noted within the pancreatic tissue. Normally, the measurement of this structure does not exceed:

a)

1 mm

b)

3 cm

c)

2 cm

d)

2 mm

37.

Which of the following is not considered a function of the spleen?

a)

Production of bile

b)

Blood reservoir

c)

Hematopoiesis

d)

Defense against disease

38.

What salivary glands are located anterior to the ears?

a)

Parotid glands

b)

Submandibular glands

c)

Stenson's glands

d)

Masseter glands

39.

Where is the prostate located?

a)

Inferior to the urinary bladder, between the symphysis pubis and rectum

b)

Posterior to the seminal vesicles and superior to the urinary bladder

c)

Anterior to the rectum and posterior to the urinary bladder

d)

Lateral to the urinary bladder, posterior to the rectum and sigmoid colon

40.

What segment of the liver may also be referred to as the quadrate lobe?

a)

Medial segment of the left lobe

b)

Lateral segment of the left lobe

c)

Anterior segment of the right lobe

d)

Posterior segment of the right lobe

41.

What is the most likely echogenicity of the serosal layer of bowel?

a)

Echogenic

b)

Anechoic

c)

Hypoechoic

d)

Heterogeneous

42.

What is the typical location of an accessory spleen?

a)

Posterior to the pancreatic head

b)

Splenic hilum

c)

Superior to the spleen

d)

Medial to the pancreas

43.

Which system has the primary function of providing metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage, and the excretion of waste?

a)

Digestive system

b)

Urinary system

c)

Exocrine system

d)

Nervous system

44.

Which of the following best describes the Achilles tendon?

a)

Connects the hamstring to the gastrocnemius

b)

Connects the gastrocnemius to the posterior surface of the calcaneus

c)

Connects the peroneus longus to the gastrocnemius

d)

Connects the calf muscle to the gastrocnemius

45.

Which of the following would not be used to separate the right hepatic lobe from the left hepatic lobe?

a)

Main lobar fissure

b)

Middle hepatic vein

c)

Gallbladder fossa

d)

Right portal vein

46.

Which of the following would not be an element of the lymphatic system?

a)

Pancreas

b)

Thymus gland

c)

Spleen

d)

Bone marrow

47.

Which peritoneal cavity space is located behind the liver and stomach and posterior to the pancreas?

a)

Lesser sac

b)

Morrison's pouch

c)

Greater sac

d)

Left subhepatic space

48.

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?

a)

Esophageal muscles

b)

Strap muscles

c)

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

d)

Longus colli muscles

49.

Which of the following is another name for benign ascites?

a)

Serosal ascites

b)

Exudate ascites

c)

Intraperitoneal ascites

d)

Transudate ascites

50.

The first main visceral branch of the abdominal aorta, just below the diaphragm is the:

a)

Renal arteries

b)

SMA

c)

Celiac artery

d)

Hepatic arteries

51.

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?

a)

Cortisol

b)

Blood urea nitrogen

c)

Norepinephrine

d)

Aldosterone

52.

What hormone does the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

a)

Insulin

b)

Sodium bicarbonate

c)

Glucose

d)

Somatostatin

53.

The left portal vein divides into:

a)

Anterior and lateral branches

b)

Anterior and posterior branches

c)

Medial and anterior branches

d)

Medial and lateral branches

54.

What system has the primary function of maintaining chemical and water balance, regulating blood pressure, and filtering waste products from the blood?

a)

Exocrine system

b)

Urinary system

c)

Digestive system

d)

Endocrine system

55.

Which of the following would be best described as the gallbladder variant in which there is an outpouching of the gallbladder neck?

a)

Phrygian pouch

b)

Junctional pouch

c)

Harmann's pouch

d)

Courvoisier gallbladder

56.

All of the following are a part of the portal triads except:

a)

A branch of the portal vein

b)

A branch of the hepatic vein

c)

A small branch of the hepatic artery

d)

A branch of the intrahepatic ducts

57.

While scanning the epigastric region to visualize the pancreas in the transverse scan plane, you visualize a round vascular structure posterior to the splenic vein and anterior to the abdominal aorta, just left of the midline. Which of the following would this structure most likely be?

a)

SMA

b)

Left renal artery

c)

Celiac artery

d)

Common hepatic artery

58.

Which part of the gallbladder is contiguous with the cystic duct?

a)

Phrygian cap

b)

Fundus

c)

Neck

d)

Body

59.

What hormone does the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

a)

Amylase

b)

Glucagon

c)

Insulin

d)

Somatostatin

60.

Which of these secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the penile urethra prior to ejaculation?

a)

Paminiform plexus

b)

Bulbourethral gland

c)

Seminal vesicles

d)

Prostate gland

61.

All of the following are parts of the gallbladder except:

a)

Body

b)

Neck

c)

Head

d)

Fundus

62.

Which of the following gallbladder sections is the location of Hartman's pouch?

a)

Phrygian cap

b)

Gallbladder body

c)

Gallbladder fundus

d)

Gallbladder neck

63.

Which of the following structures is not considered to be a retroperitoneal organ?

a)

Uterus

b)

Stomach

c)

IVC

d)

Ovaries

64.

The outermost layer of the wall of the abdominal aorta is referred to as the:

a)

Tunica media

b)

Tunica geratia

c)

Tunica intima

d)

Tunica adventitia

65.

Cholecystokinin is a hormone that causes the gallbladder to:

a)

Contract

b)

Enlarge

c)

Develop sludge

d)

Produce gallstones

66.

What may be noted between the left lobe of the liver and the abdominal aorta in the sagittal imaging plane?

a)

Caudate lobe

b)

Pancreas

c)

Gastroesophageal junction

d)

Left portal vein

67.

Which of the following is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which is used to digest carbohydrates?

a)

Insulin

b)

Sodium bicarbonate

c)

Amylase

d)

Lipase

68.

What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

a)

Superior thyroid artery

b)

Internal thyroid artery

c)

Inferior hyoid artery

d)

Inferior thyroid artery

69.

What gallbladder developmental variance may lead to an obstruction in the blood flow to the gallbladder, thus producing significant pain?

a)

Floating gallbladder

b)

Bilobed gallbladder

c)

Phrygian cap

d)

Cholecystitis

70.

Which of the following variant of gallbladder shape would be depicted as a prominent crease in the area of the gallbladder neck?

a)

Phrygian cap

b)

Hartman's Pouch

c)

Bilobed fold

d)

Junctional fold

71.

Which of the following is a hormone, produced by the pancreas, which stimulates the body to use up glucose to produce energy?

a)

Somatostatin

b)

Insulin

c)

Amylase

d)

Sodium bicarbonate

72.

The extrarenal pelvis describes the situation where there is:

a)

A renal pelvis that contains an accessory renal pelvis causing obstruction

b)

A renal pelvis that is located outside of the renal hilum

c)

An additional renal pelvis

d)

A renal pelvis located within the pelvis near the bladder

73.

When viewing the celiac axis in the transverse scan plane, you note that there are two branches. What is the branch that travels toward the right side of the patient?

a)

SMA

b)

Left gastric artery

c)

Common hepatic artery

d)

Splenic artery

74.

Which prostatic zone is the largest?

a)

Periurethral glandular zone

b)

Central zone

c)

Transitional zone

d)

Peripheral zone

75.

What pancreatic congenital anomaly results from a shortened pancreatic duct and could result in chronic pancreatitis?

a)

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

b)

Pancreatic divisum

c)

Annular pancreas

d)

Uncinate process

76.

The abdominal aorta:

a)

Is intraperitoneal in location and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline

b)

Is retroperitoneal in location and positioned anterior to the spine, just right of the midline

c)

Is retroperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline

d)

Is intraperitoneal in location and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline

77.

Which of the following would sonographically appear as an isthmus connecting the lower poles of the kidneys?

a)

Duplicated collecting system

b)

Renal ectopia

c)

Fetal lobulation defect

d)

Horseshoe kidneys

78.

What specialized tissue of the spleen contains red blood cells and macrophages?

a)

White pulp

b)

Leukocytic pulp

c)

Erythrocytic pulp

d)

Red pulp

79.

Which of the following could lead to a false positive diagnosis of hepatomegaly?

a)

Situs inversus

b)

Agenesis of the left lobe

c)

Riedel lobe

d)

Papillary hepatic process

80.

Normal flow within the main portal vein is said to be

a)

Triphasic and hepatopetal

b)

Monophasic and hepatopetal

c)

Monophasic and hepatofugal

d)

Biphasic and hepatofugal

81.

Which of the following is described as the fibrous covering of the liver?

a)

Perihepatic capsule

b)

Gerota fascia

c)

Kuppfer capsule

d)

Glisson capsule

82.

The left hepatic vein can be used to separate the:

a)

Anterior segment of the right lobe from the lateral segment of the right lobe

b)

Medial segment of the left lobe from the lateral segment of the left lobe

c)

Anterior segment of the right lobe from the medial segment of the left lobe

d)

Posterior segment of the right lobe from the anterior segment of the right lobe

83.

Which of the following would be considered the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract?

a)

Duplicated collecting system

b)

Dromedary hump

c)

Pelvic kidney

d)

Duplicated renal arteries

84.

Upon the sonographic interrogation of the pancreatic body in a 29 year old male patient complaining of RUQ pain, two parallel echogenic lines are noted within the pancreatic tissue. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for this finding?

a)

Chronic pancreatitis

b)

CBD

c)

Duct of Wirsung

d)

Duct of Santorini

85.

Which of the following parts of the pancreas is located right lateral to SMV and anterior to IVC?

a)

Neck

b)

Head

c)

Tail

d)

Body

86.

What structures provide blood flow to the adrenal glands?

a)

Suprarenal branches of the inferior renal arteries

b)

Infrarenal arteries of the abdominal aorta

c)

Suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries

d)

Infrarenal arteries of the renal veins

87.

Which of the following is a superior extension of the thyroid isthmus?

a)

Thyroglossal duct

b)

Brachial cleft

c)

Pyramidal lobe

d)

Wharton duct

88.

What is the name for the main duct of the submandibular gland?

a)

Sjögren's duct

b)

Wharton duct

c)

Thyroglossal duct

d)

Stenson duct

89.

Which of the following is best described as having two kidneys fused on one side of the body?

a)

Polyrenia

b)

Crossed fused ectopia

c)

Compensatory hypertrophy

d)

Horseshoe kidneys

90.

What is the condition described as the return of the spleen's hematopoietic function in cases of severe anemia?

a)

Hodgkin hematopoietic disorder

b)

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

c)

Autosplenectomy

d)

Heterotaxia syndrome

91.

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the normal adult spleen?

a)

The adult spleen has a convex, pointed inferior margin and a concave superior border.

b)

The spleen may enlarge when pathology is present

c)

The spleen decreases in size with advancing age

d)

The sonographic appearance of the normal spleen can be isoechoic to the liver.

92.

Which of the following best describes the term chyme?

a)

Partially digested food

b)

Severe itchiness of the skin

c)

Inflammation of the bile ducts

d)

Excessive fat surrounding the pancreas

93.

What structure, located within the spermatic cord, alters the position of the testicle in order to provide protection and regulate temperature?

a)

Tunica albuginea

b)

Cremaster muscle

c)

Mediastinum testis

d)

Tunica vaginalis

94.

Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the head of the pancreas?

a)

Coronary artery

b)

Pancreatic artery

c)

Splenic artery

d)

Gastroduodenal artery

95.

What prostatic zone is located at the base of the prostate?

a)

Peripheral zone

b)

Transitional zone

c)

Periurethral zone

d)

Central zone

96.

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

a)

Produce insulin and glucagon

b)

Maintain normal pH for the blood

c)

Maintain normal salt levels in the blood

d)

Regulate blood pressure

97.

What structure is located at the anterior border of the caudate lobe?

a)

Ligamentum venosum

b)

IVC

c)

Falciform ligament

d)

Coronary ligament

98.

The portal triads are composed of branches of the:

a)

Hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and bile duct

b)

Hepatic vein, portal vein, and hepatic artery

c)

Bile duct, portal vein, and portal artery

d)

Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

99.

Which of the following contains the renal collecting system?

a)

Renal medulla

b)

Renal pyramids

c)

Nephron

d)

Renal sinus

100.

What is a posteromedial extension of the pancreatic head termed as?

a)

Annular pancreas

b)

Riedel lobe

c)

Uncinate process

d)

Papillary process

101.

Which small segments of the renal arteries travel between the renal pyramids?

a)

Segmental

b)

Interlobar

c)

Arcuate

d)

Interlobar

102.

The maximum normal diameter of the IVC is:

a)

1 cm

b)

2.5 cm

c)

6 cm

d)

4 cm

103.

The diameter of the main portal vein can vary with respiration, though typically it measures less than:

a)

4 mm in the anteroposterior dimension

b)

10 mm in the anteroposterior dimension

c)

13 mm in the anteroposterior dimension

d)

8 mm in the anteroposterior dimension

104.

Which of the following is the endocrine function of the testicles?

a)

Production of testosterone

b)

Production of sperm

c)

Storage of sperm

d)

Production lymphocytes

105.

What does the thyroid use to create its hormones?

a)

Iodine

b)

Lipase

c)

Amylase

d)

Saline

106.

The term postprandial is best defined as:

a)

After urinating

b)

After defecation

c)

After eating

d)

After rest

107.

Which of the following would be sonographically recognized as a bulge on the lateral border of the kidney?

a)

Extrarenal pelvis

b)

Duplicated collecting system

c)

Horseshoe kidney

d)

Dromedary hump

108.

What is the function of somatostatin?

a)

It restrains insulin and glucose levels

b)

It decreases amylase and lipase levels

c)

It increases glucagon levels

d)

It increases insulin levels

109.

Which of the following is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which neutralizes stomach acids?

a)

Lipase

b)

Glucagon

c)

Sodium bicarbonate

d)

Amylase

110.

Which vessel travels posterior to the IVC?

a)

Left renal vein

b)

Left renal artery

c)

Right renal artery

d)

SMA

111.

Which of the following parts of the pancreas is located posterior to the SMV?

a)

Uncinate process

b)

Tail

c)

Body

d)

Neck

112.

Compared with the liver, the normal renal cortex should appear more:

a)

Hyperechoic

b)

Echogenic

c)

Hypoechoic

d)

Anechoic

113.

What is another name of the tunica externa?

a)

Tunica media

b)

Tunica adventitia

c)

Tunica viscera

d)

Tunica intima

114.

What pancreatic enzyme is responsible for digesting proteins?

a)

Lipase

b)

Sodium bicarbonate

c)

Amylase

d)

Trypsin

115.

What is another name for the adrenal glands?

a)

Suprarenal glands

b)

Pararenal glands

c)

Infrarenal glands

d)

Perirenal glands

116.

Which hormone is not produced by the adrenal cortex?

a)

Epinephrine

b)

Cortisol

c)

Androgens

d)

Aldosterone

117.

Which of the following would not be a typical location of a lymph node?

a)

Adjacent to the jugular vein

b)

Axilla

c)

Popliteal fossa

d)

Wrist

118.

Which of the following describes the body's ability to maintain normal equilibrium?

a)

Homeostasis

b)

Homeopathy

c)

Leukocytosis

d)

Homogeneity

119.

What structure divides the scrotum internally?

a)

Tunica media

b)

Mediastinum testis

c)

Tunica dartos

d)

Cremaster muscle

120.

What two structures form the ejaculatory ducts?

a)

Ductus deferens and epididymis

b)

Prostate gland and seminal vesicles

c)

Seminal vesicles and ductus deferens

d)

Epididymis and prostate gland

121.

Which of the following is a hormone, produced by the pancreas, which promotes the release of glucose by the liver?

a)

Glucagon

b)

Insulin

c)

Trypsin

d)

Amylase

122.

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

a)

Inferior to the prostate gland and medial to the prostate gland?

b)

Inferior to the urinary bladder between the syphysis pubis and rectum

c)

Posterior to the prostate gland and superior to the apex of the urinary bladder

d)

Superior to the prostate gland and posterior to the base of the urinary bladder

123.

Which of the following is not located within the renal sinus?

a)

Infundibula

b)

Renal pelvis

c)

Minor calyces

d)

Renal pyramids

124.

Which of the following statements is not true of the kidneys?

a)

The left kidney is on average a little longer than the right kidney

b)

The parenchyma of the kidney consists of the renal medulla and renal cortex

c)

Adult kidneys are intraperitoneal in location

d)

The left kidney is located higher than the right

125.

Normal flow within the hepatic veins is considered:

a)

Monophasic

b)

Hepatopetal

c)

Biphasic

d)

Triphasic

126.

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hepatic veins?

a)

Hepatic veins have a monophasic blood flow pattern

b)

The hepatic veins increase in size as they approach the diaphragm

c)

Enlargement of the hepatic veins is seen in right sided heart abnormalities

d)

Occlusion of the hepatic veins is seen with Budd-Chiari syndrome

127.

Sonographically, severe abdominal lymph nodes are noted adjacent to the abdominal aorta. Which of the following would be the most indicative of an abnormal lymph node?

a)

Hypoechoic texture

b)

Measurement of 2 cm

c)

Echogenic hilum

d)

Oval shape

128.

What specialized tissue of the spleen produces lymphocytes to aid in the immune response?

a)

Red pulp

b)

Leukocyte pulp

c)

White pulp

d)

Erythrocytic pulp

129.

What is the process the spleen used to clean red blood cells of unwanted material?

a)

Hematopoiesis

b)

Culling

c)

Erythropoiesis

d)

Pitting

130.

The main lobar fissure can be used to separate the:

a)

Anterior segment of the right lobe from the medial segment of the left lobe

b)

Posterior segment of the right lobe from the anterior segment of the right lobe

c)

Medial segment of the left lobe from the lateral segment of the left lobe

d)

Anterior segment of the right lobe from the lateral segment of the right lobe

131.

What is the name for the main duct of the parotid gland?

a)

Thyroglossal duct

b)

Wharton duct

c)

Sjogren's duct

d)

Stenson duct

132.

The point of attachment of the cystic duct to the gallbladder marks the proximal margin of the:

a)

Common hepatic duct

b)

Gallbladder body

c)

CBD

d)

Right hepatic duct

133.

When viewing the celiac axis in the transverse scan plane, you note that there are two branches. What is the branch that travels toward the left side of the patient?

a)

Splenic artery

b)

Common hepatic artery

c)

Proper hepatic artery

d)

Left gastric artery

134.

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

a)

Detoxification

b)

Storage of minerals and vitamins

c)

Storage of bile

d)

Blood reservoir

135.

The spleen removes irregular red blood cells from the bloodstream through a process referred to as:

a)

Culling

b)

Hematopoiesis

c)

Erythropoiesis

d)

Pitting

136.

The kidneys initially develop within the pelvis and ascend into their normal position as early as:

a)

6 weeks gestation

b)

4 weeks gestation

c)

9 weeks gestation

d)

18 weeks gestation

137.

The sphincter of Oddi, also referred to as the hepatopancreatic sphincter, is the opening that allows bile and pancreatic juices to flow into the:

a)

Duodenum

b)

Stomach

c)

Jejunum

d)

Gallbladder

138.

What structure can be noted traveling posterior to the SMA and anterior to the abdominal aorta?

a)

CBD

b)

Common hepatic artery

c)

Left renal vein

d)

Splenic artery

139.

Blood returning to the heart from the system circulation is via the:

a)

Abdominal aorta and thoracic aorta

b)

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

c)

Right ventricle and left ventricle

d)

Right atrium and left atrium

140.

What are the paired linear muscular formations that attach the diaphragm to the anterolateral surfaces of the upper lumbar vertebrae?

a)

Quadratus lumborum muscles

b)

Crura

c)

Sphrenic vesicles

d)

Psoas muscles

141.

The specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells are the:

a)

Riedel cells

b)

Hepatocytes

c)

Nephrons

d)

Kupffer cells

142.

What measurement would be the most indicative of thyroid enlargement?

a)

A thyroid lobe that measures greater than 1 cm in thickness

b)

A thyroid lobe that measures greater than 2 cm in length

c)

An isthmus that measures greater than 10 mm

d)

An isthmus that measures greater than 4 mm

143.

Which of the following is another name for the posterior subhepatic space?

a)

Pouch of Douglas

b)

Lesser sac

c)

Morrison's pouch

d)

Murphy's pouch

144.

Which of the following is not a zone of the adrenal cortex?

a)

Zona glomerulosa

b)

Zona reticularis

c)

Zona matriculata

d)

Zona fasciculate

145.

All of the following are branches of the celiac axis except:

a)

Splenic artery

b)

Left gastric artery

c)

Common hepatic artery

d)

Cystic artery

146.

What is the most abundant hormone produced by the thyroid?

a)

Calcitonin

b)

Calcium

c)

Triiodothyronine

d)

Thyroxine

147.

Which of the following would best be described as the gallbladder variant in which the fundus is folded onto itself?

a)

Junctional fold

b)

Courvoisier gallbladder

c)

Phrygian cap

d)

Hartmann's pouch

148.

The left umbilical vein collapses after birth and becomes the:

a)

Left triangular ligament

b)

Ligamentum venosum

c)

Falciform ligament

d)

Ligamentum teres

149.

All of the following are parts of the epididymis except:

a)

Neck

b)

Body

c)

Head

d)

Tail

150.

The spiral valves of Heister may produce posterior shadowing. They are located in the:

a)

Cystic duct

b)

CBD

c)

Gallbladder neck

d)

Gallbladder wall

151.

Which of the following measurements would be the minimum that the normal renal cortex should measure?

a)

2 cm

b)

4 cm

c)

10 mm

d)

5 mm

152.

What muscles can be noted posterior to each kidney, adjacent to the spine bilaterally?

a)

Psoas muscles

b)

Quadratus lumborum

c)

Iliacus muscles

d)

Rectus abdominis

153.

Which of the following may appear as a psuedomass within the liver, although it really represents normal muscular bundles?

a)

Main lobar fissure

b)

Diaphragmatic slip

c)

Left portal vein

d)

Ligamentum venosum

154.

Which of the following is another name for Morrison pouch?

a)

Right subhepatic space

b)

Posterior cul-de-sac

c)

Left subphrenic space

d)

Retropubic space

155.

Which of the following parts of the pancreas is located anterior to the portal confluence?

a)

Body

b)

Neck

c)

Head

d)

Uncinate process

156.

Which of the following is considered an endocrine organ or structure?

a)

Stomach

b)

Parathyroid gland

c)

Spleen

d)

Appendix

157.

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the:

a)

Coronary ligament

b)

Falciform ligament

c)

Ligamentum teres

d)

Ligamentum venosum

158.

Which of the following typically has a low resistance waveform pattern?

a)

Common iliac artery

b)

Infrarenal aorta

c)

Fasting SMA

d)

Postprandial SMA

159.

Which of the following vessels can be used to mark the posterior border of the pancreatic tail and body?

a)

Splenic vein

b)

Splenic artery

c)

SMV

d)

IMV

160.

The main portal vein is created by the union of the:

a)

Splenic vein pancreatic vein

b)

Middle hepatic vein and inferior mesenteric vein

c)

SMV and splenic vein

d)

IMV and SMV

161.

Which of the following would be best described as the fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney?

a)

Glisson capsule

b)

Gerota fascia

c)

Pararenal capsule

d)

Perirenal fat layer

162.

Which of the following is not true of the salivary glands?

a)

The primary function of the salivary gland is to produce saliva

b)

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland

c)

There are three paired groups of salivary glands

d)

Salivary glands are endocrine glands

163.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the adrenal glands?

a)

The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the SMV

b)

The left suprarenal vein is attached to the IVC

c)

The left adrenal glad is located medial to the upper pole of the left kidney

d)

The adrenal glads are readily identified in the adult

164.

The portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity is referred to as the:

a)

Visceral peritoneum

b)

Lesser peritoneum

c)

Greater peritoneum

d)

Parietal peritoneum

165.

What structure travels through the bare area of the liver?

a)

Falciform ligament

b)

Ligamentum teres

c)

IVC

d)

Abdominal aorta

166.

The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the:

a)

Acinar cells

b)

Kupffer cells

c)

Islets of Langerhans

d)

Pancreacytes

167.

Which of the following is the most dependent portion of the gallbladder

a)

Fundus

b)

Neck

c)

Body

d)

Cystic duct

168.

A patient presents with clinical findings suspicious of acute cholecystitis. You suspect gallbladder wall thickening. The gallbladder wall thickness should not exceed:

a)

3 cm

b)

5 cm

c)

5 mm

d)

3 mm

169.

Compared with the normal musculature of the face, the salivary glands are typically more

a)

Anechoic

b)

Hypoechoic

c)

Heterogeneous

d)

Hyperechoic

170.

Which of the following is the shoulder muscle?

a)

Serratus

b)

Trapezius

c)

Sternocleidomastoid

d)

Deltoid

171.

Which of the following is located right lateral to the pancreatic head?

a)

C-loop of the duodenum

b)

Abdominal aorta

c)

Hepatic flexure of the colon

d)

Splenic hilum

172.

Which of the following statements is not true of the adrenal glands?

a)

The adrenal glands are exocrine glands

b)

The adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

c)

The adrenal glands are covered by Gerota fascia

d)

The adrenal glands are retroperitoneal in location

173.

Which of the following is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery?

a)

Superior thyroid artery

b)

Thyroglossal artery

c)

Ophthalmic artery

d)

Inferior thyroid artery

174.

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the parathyroid glands?

a)

A parathyroid adenoma can produce hypercalcemia

b)

There are typically two pairs of parathyroid glands

c)

The parathyroid glands serve as calcitonin regulators for the body

d)

Normal parathyroid glands will measure 5.0 x 3.0 x 1.0 mm

175.

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the urinary bladder?

a)

The urinary bladder is located anterior to the vagina, uterus, and rectum in the female

b)

The urinary bladder is positioned superior to the prostate gland and anterior to the seminal vesicles in the male

c)

The urinary bladder is an intraperitoneal organ

d)

The urinary bladder is located posterior to the symphysis pubis

176.

What structure is located posterior to the pancreatic neck?

a)

Portal confluence

b)

Papillary process

c)

Pancreatic body

d)

Pancreatic tail

177.

Normal flow within the portal veins is said to be:

a)

Triphasic

b)

Hepatopetal

c)

Hepatofugal

d)

Multiphasic

178.

At the level of the porta hepatis, the hepatic artery is typically located:

a)

Anterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the CBD

b)

Medial to the main portal vein and anterior to the CBD

c)

Lateral to the CBD and medial to the middle hepatic vein

d)

Posterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the CBD

179.

What abnormality would result in a postprandial high resistance waveform pattern in the SMA?

a)

Adenocarcinoma of the colon

b)

Acute pancreatitis

c)

Colonic obstruction

d)

Small bowl ischemia

180.

What structure may be identifiable in many individuals in the sagittal plane as a hyperechoic line, which seems to connect the neck of the gallbladder to the right portal vein?

a)

Middle hepatic vein

b)

Main lobar fissure

c)

Ligamentum teres

d)

Ligamentum venosum

181.

The left gonadal vein attaches directly to the:

a)

Left renal vein

b)

Posterior aspect of the IVC

c)

Anterior aspect of the IVC

d)

SMV

182.

The right and left hepatic ducts eventually unite to form which structure?

a)

Common hepatic duct

b)

Main hepatic duct

c)

Main bile duct

d)

CBD

183.

Which of the following is another name for the space of Retizus?

a)

Posterior cul-de-sac

b)

Lesser sac

c)

Retropubic space

d)

Anterior cul-de-sac

184.

Which of the following would not be a typical liver function lab test?

a)

Aspartate aminotransferase

b)

Serum bilirubin

c)

Alanine aminotransferase

d)

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

185.

Which of the following would typically not be a cause of focal gallbladder wall thickening?

a)

Gallbladder carcinoma

b)

Polyp

c)

Ascites

d)

Adenomyomatosis

186.

What structure provides the vascular supply to the penis?

a)

Internal pudendal artery

b)

Peyronie's artery

c)

Spongiosum artery

d)

Testicular artery

187.

What enzyme produced by the kidneys helps regulate blood pressure?

a)

Blood urea nitrogen

b)

Creatinine

c)

Renin

d)

Sodium dicarbonate

188.

What structure can be used to separate the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments?

a)

Left hepatic vein

b)

Main portal vein

c)

Middle hepatic vein

d)

Right hepatic vein

189.

What congenital disorder results in excess copper accumulation in the body, this disrupting liver function?

a)

Wilson disease

b)

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

c)

Von Gierke disease

d)

Addison disease

190.

Which of the following structures is not considered to be an intraperitoneal organ?

a)

Gallbladder

b)

Liver

c)

Spleen

d)

Pancreas

191.

Congenital anomalies of the uterus in the female may be associated with congenital anomalies of the:

a)

Digestive tract

b)

Cardiovascular system

c)

Kidneys

d)

Respiratory tract

192.

Which of the following is considered the largest lymphatic organ?

a)

Spleen

b)

Pancreas

c)

Liver

d)

Thyroid

193.

What is the bowl shaped surface of the pelvis where the head of the femur normally rests?

a)

Iliac fossa

b)

Natal cleft

c)

Acetabulum

d)

Lesser trochanter

194.

Which small segments of the renal arteries are located at the base of the pyramids?

a)

Arcuate

b)

Segmental

c)

Interlobular

d)

Interlobar

195.

The normal thickness of the urinary bladder in its distended state should not exceed:

a)

8 mm

b)

10 mm

c)

6 mm

d)

4 mm

196.

The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the:

a)

Portal artery

b)

Left gastric artery

c)

Common hepatic artery

d)

Splenic artery

197.

What is the name of the dense fibrous layer of tissue closely applied to each testicle?

a)

Cremaster muscle

b)

Tunica vaginalis

c)

Tunica albuginea

d)

Rete testis

198.

Which of the following is considered to be a function of the spleen during fetal development?

a)

Maintaining equilibrium

b)

Erythropoiesis

c)

Production of nanocytes

d)

Production of hepatocytes

199.

Bile travels from the common bile duct toward the duodenum, where it meets the main pancreatic duct at the:

a)

Duct of Santorini

b)

Ampulla of Vater

c)

Duct of Wirsung

d)

Sphincter of Oddi

200.

What hormone of the adrenal gland provides an inflammatory response?

a)

Cortisol

b)

Aldosterone

c)

Norepinephrine

d)

Epinephrine

201.

The aorta, the largest artery in the body, originates at the:

a)

Right atrium of the heart

b)

Right ventricle of the heart

c)

Left ventricle of the heart

d)

Left atrium of the heart

202.

Which of the following would be least likely to sonographically appear as an enlarged kidney?

a)

Compensatory hypertrophy

b)

Duplicated collecting system

c)

Crossed fused ectopia

d)

Junctional parenchymal defect

203.

The splenic artery is a branch of the:

a)

Hepatic artery

b)

Gastroduodenal artery

c)

SMA

d)

Celiac artery

204.

Which of the following is not located lateral to the thyroid gland?

a)

CCA

b)

Longus colli muscle

c)

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

d)

IJV

205.

What is the responsibility of the red pulp of the spleen?

a)

To produce lymphocytes

b)

To produce splenocytes

c)

To produce phagocytes

d)

To produce paracytes

206.

Which of the following produces thyroid stimulating hormone?

a)

Anterior pituitary gland

b)

Adrenal glands

c)

Parathyroid glands

d)

Hypothalamus

207.

What is the structure that is surgically interrupted to prevent the transport of sperm to the testicles?

a)

Tunica vaginalis

b)

Spermatic cord

c)

Ductus deferens

d)

Efferent duct

208.

In what structure is the penile urethra housed?

a)

Buck fascia

b)

Corpus spongiosum

c)

Corpus cavernosum

d)

Tunica albugenia

209.

Which vessel supplies the liver with 70% of its total blood supply?

a)

SMA

b)

Main portal vein

c)

Hepatic artery

d)

Main hepatic vein

210.

Which of the following is the collecting place for urine before it enters the ureter?

a)

Renal cortex

b)

Renal major calyx

c)

Renal pyramid

d)

Renal pelvis

211.

What is another name for the left colic flexure

a)

Hepatic flexure

b)

Transverse colon

c)

Sigmoid colon

d)

Splenic flexure

212.

While scanning the epigastric region to visualize the pancreas in the transverse scan plane, you visualize a tubular structure that travels across the midline of the abdomen near the level of the pancreas. At first, you think that it is a dilated main pancreatic duct, but when you analyze the structure with color Doppler, it yields internal flow. Which of the following would this structure most likely be?

a)

CBD

b)

Splenic artery

c)

SMA

d)

Right renal artery

213.

Which abnormality results from high levels of cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex?

a)

Cushing syndrome

b)

Conn syndrome

c)

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

d)

Hyperparathyroidism

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