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WorksheetsCardiac anatomy and physiology
Total questions: 105
Worksheet time: 1hrs 2mins
cardio is also known as
heart
blood vessels
vascular is also known as
blood vessels
heart
purpose of the cardiovascular system
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
deliver chemical messages
transport waste products
deliver blood vessels to the lungs
which layer of the serous pericardium ines the inside of the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
visceral layer
which layer of the serous pericardium attaches to the large vessels that enter and exit the heart and covers the outer surface of the heart muscle?
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
what are the 3 layers to the wall of the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
ediocardium
what type of cardiac cell does generate and conduct electrical impulses?
myocardial cell
pacemaker cell
which layer is continous with the innermost layer of the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body?
endocardium
myocardium
epiocardium
what type of cardiac cell contracts when electrically stimulated and does not generate electrical impulses?
Myocardial cells
pacemaker cells
what is the myocardium responsible for?
Middle layer of thick cardiac muscle fibers responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
Outer layer of thick cardiac muscle fibers responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
inner layer of thick cardiac muscle fibers responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
what layer of the layer of the heart wall is the outermost layer?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what does the epicardium layer contain?
blood capillaries
lymph capillaries
nerve fibers
fat
muscle
which function of the heart receives incoming blood & act as temporary storage before emptying into the ventricles?
function of the atria
function of the ventricles
which function of the heart receives blood from atria & pump it out?
function of the atria
function of the ventricles
what is the most common symptom of Acute Coronary Syndromes?
Angina
Coughing
Headache
swelling
what syndrome can cause myocardial ischemia or permanent damage to heart?
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Down Syndrome
What are some modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
smoking
diabetes
obesity
cocaine use
Age
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
Age
Male
Family history
Ethnicity
how is angina described?
squeezing or tightening felt in the chest (pain)
warming of the chest
where does angina often begin in?
left chest and radiates to arm
right chest and radiates to arm
what does ischemia mean?
damage
death of tissue
healthy
what does infarction mean?
damage
death of tissue
healthy
is systole contracted or relaxed? (0.28 sec.)
contracted
relaxed
is diastole contracted or relaxed? (0.52 sec)
contracted
relaxed
what is the right side of the hearts job?
pump unoxygenated blood from the body to and through the lungs to the left side of the heart
to receive oxygenated blood from lungs and pump it to the rest of the body
what is the right side of the heart referred to as?
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
what is the left side of the hearts job?
to pump unoxygenated blood from the body to and through the lungs to the left side of the heart.
to receive oxygenated blood from lungs and pump it to rest of body.
what is the left side of the heart referred to as?
Pulmonary Circulation.
Systemic Circulation.
definition of parasympathetic
digesting food
fight or flight response
definition of sympathetic
digesting food
fight or flight response
what electrolytes affect cardiac functions?
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Chloride (Cl)
what does electrolytes affect?
rhythm
rate
force of contraction
flow
normal heart rate -
60-100 bpm
50-100 bpm
30-50 bpm
40-50 bpm
normal BP-
120/80
130/70
120/70
140/80
normal cardiac output-
5 L/min
2 L/min
3 L/ min
how is cardiac output calculated?
stroke volume x heart rate
blood pressure x heart rate
blood pressure x stroke volume
stroke volume x blood pressure
Normal Ejection fraction-
60-65%
55-60%
40-60%
60-100%
what is ejection fraction used to measure?
ventricular function
atria function
what is another name for preload?
end-diastolic volume
end-systolic volume
open-diastolic volume
define preload
volume of blood received by the heart
pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood
define afterload
pressure or resistance the heart had to overcome to eject blood
volume of blood recieved by the heart
what type of heart failure is right sided?
Congestive heart failure
Cor Pulmonale
what type of heart failure is left sided?
Cor Pulmonale
Congestive Heart Failure
-Condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs of the body.
heart failure
blood pressure
afterload
what disease is the leading cause of premature, permanent disability among working adults?
Coronary heart disease
congestive heart failure
pneumonia
-disease of the coronary arteries and their resulting complications, such as angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction.
Coronary heart disease(CHD)
Coronary Artery disease
-affects the arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood.
Coronary Artery disease
Coronary heart disease(CHD)
non modifiable (fixed) risk factors of cardiovascular disease
Heredity
race
gender
age
stress
modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease
high blood pressure
tobacco use
diabetes
obesity
physical inactivity
contributing factors to cardiovascular disease
stress
inflammatory markers
psychosocial factors
alcohol intake
age
what lipoproteins if they are not removed from the blood by the liver, cholesterol and fat can build up in arteries and contribute to atherosclerosis.
low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol)
High-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)
what lipoprotein help remove cholesterol from the blood, preventing a build up of cholesterol in the arterial walls?
Low-density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol)
High-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)
- the absence of cardiac mechanical activity, confirmed by the absence of a detectable pulse, unresponsiveness, and apnea or agonal respirations.
Cardiopulmonary (Cardiac) arrest
Sudden cardiac death
- an unexpected death due to a cardiac cause that occurs immediately or within one hour of the onset of symptoms.
Cardiopulmonary (Cardiac) arrest
Sudden cardiac death(
when is the risk of sudden cardiac death increased?
early morning
Mondays
winter months
summer
possible cardiac arrest causes
Coronary artery disease (most common)
cardiac dysrhythmias
acute myocardial infarction
prolonged QT interval
congenital heart disease
possible non-cardiac cause
pulmonary embolism
choking
drug ingestion
substance abuse
stroke
what is the chain of survival?
early access
early CPR
early defibrillation
early ACLS
early intubation
what are some shockable rhythms/ life threatening?
ventricular tachycardia (vtach)
ventricular fibrillation (vfib)
asystole
pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
nonshockable rhythms
ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
asystole
pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
what phase of CPR is also called electrical phase, extends life 5 minutes after arrest, prompts defibrillation, then CPR?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
what phase of CPR is also called circulatory phase or the hemodynamic phase, 5-15 minutes after arrest, and CPR is very important?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
what phase of CPR is also called metabolic phase, extends beyond 15 minutes of arrest, effectiveness of immediate defibrillation and CPR followed by defibrillation?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
what is your first impression when assessing your patient?
Appearance
breathing
circulation
defibrillation
what is the primary survey steps during the patient assessment?
responsiveness
airway
breathing
circulation
defibrillation
when assessing the airway/breathing what sounds might you hear?
snoring
gurgling
stridor
food
Adequate breathing
12-20 bpm
regular rhythm
breath sounds are present/no usage of accessory muscles
skin looks pink, warm,dry
irregular rhythm
inadequate breathing
respiratory rate is outside of normal range
irregular rhythm
breath sound are diminished/ increased work of breathing
skin looks pale, cyanotic, cool, clammy
regular rhythm
steps when assessing airway/breathing
open the airway
asses breathing
rescue breaths
CPR
when do you check a carotid pulse on the side nearest to you?
a unresponsive patient
a responsive patient
a angry patient
if a pulse is present what should you look for?
rate
rhythm
quality
move to secondary survey
start CPR
when should you start CPR until an AED is available?
when a pulse is present
when no pulse is present
how many compressions should be done within a minute?
100
50
60
20
what is the compression to ventilation ratio for CPR?
30:2
15:2
30:5
Secondary survey (ABCD)
Advanced airway
breathing
circulation
differential diagnosis
Defibrillation
Secondary survey (EF)
evaluate interventions
eliminate mucus
facilitate family presence for invasive procedures
family history
SAMPLE history ( E- events leading up to illness/episode)
Signs/symptoms
Allergies
medication
Past Medical History
Last oral intake
Five H`s to consider: possible causes
hypovomlemia
hypoxia
hypothermia
hypo/hyperkalemia
hydrogen ions
Five T`s to consider: possible causes
tamponade
tension pneumothorax
thrombosis (lungs)
thrombosis (heart)
tablets/toxins
-written document recording an individual’s decisions concerning medical treatment that is to be applied or not applied in the event of physical or mental ability to communicate these wishes.
Advanced directive
DNR order
type of advanced directive
living will
durable power of attorney for healthcare(DPAHC)
DNR order
-directs a legal guardian with the ability to make decisions on patient’s behalf.
living will
Durable power of attorney for healthcare(DPAHC)
Advanced Directive
what is criteria for not starting CPR?
Patient has a DNR order
Signs of irreversible death
No physiological benefit
Defibrillation doesn't help
which node is the primary pacemaker for a healthy heart?
SA node
AV node
where is the SA node located?
Right atrium near SVC
Left atrium near SVC
Right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
How many times/minute does the SA node fire?
60-100
50-100
40-60
what node is the backup pacemaker if the SA node fails?
SA node
AV node
AD node
what is the intrinsic rate for AV node?
40-60 times/minute
20-40 times/minute
40-80 times/minute
where is the Bundle of His located and what is it connected to?
Located in the upper portion of the interventricular septum & connects the AV node with the two bundle branches.
Located in the lower portion of the interventricular septum & connects the AV node with the two bundle branches.
what is referred as AV junction?
AV node
Bundle of His
SA node
what is the intrinsic rate for Purkinje fibers?
20-40
40-60
20-60
what is ventricular contraction responsible for?
cardiac output
heart attack
stroke volume
-The discharge of electrical current in an attempt to stimulate the cardiac muscle to contract.
depolarization
repolarization
polarization
-regaining of electrical current within the cardiac muscle to prepare for subsequent discharge.
Repolarization
Depolarization
Atrial polarization -
P waves
QRS complex
lost in QRS
Ventricular depolarization-
P wave
QRS complex
lost in QRS
T wave
Atrial repolarization-
lost in QRS
QRS complex
P wave
Ventricular repolarization
Early- ST segment
Late- T wave
p wave
things to know about p wave
tall or pointed waveform can be seen in various conditions
Represents atrial depolarization and the spread of the electrical impulse throughout the right and left atria.
The beginning of wave is recognized as the first movement away from the baseline.
what does the QRS complex represent?
Represents the spread of the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles and the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarization.
Represents the spread of the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles and the sum of all ventricular muscle cell repolarization.
what does abnormal Q waves indicate?
myocardial infarction (hear attack)
stroke
heart failure
what does abnormal T waves indicate?
sign of electrolyte imbalance
myocardial infarction
normal measurement for PR segment
0.10 secs or less
0.05 secs or less
1.0 secs or less
depression of ST segment or inversion of a T wave=
cardiac ischemia
cardiac infarction
acute myocardial injury
chronic myocardial injury
elevation of the ST segment=
cardiac ischemia
cardiac infarction
acute myocardial injury
chronic myocardial injury
