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WorksheetsBio (Senses, Audition & Vision)
Total questions: 116
Worksheet time: 5hrs 26mins
What is Proprioception?
The body's ability to sense movement, action, and location
The ability to discern distances and sizes
The ability to sense pressure, pain and temperature
What is a Simple Receptor?
A neuron with free nerve endings
A neuron with nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue
A specialised cell that releases neurotransmitter into a sensory neuron
What is a Complex Receptor?
A neuron with free nerve endings
A neuron with nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue
A specialised cell that releases neurotransmitter into a sensory neuron
Which receptors are commonly found in the skin?
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoceptors
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptros
What is a Non-Neural Receptor?
A neuron with free nerve endings
A neuron with nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue
A specialised cell that releases neurotransmitter into a sensory neuron
What does the efferent (outgoing) end of Primary Sensory Neurons form?
Receptive field
Effector field
Dendritic spines
Spinal reflexes
What does this illustration likely depict?
Skin on the fingertips
Skin on the arm
Reflex arc
Dorsal root ganglia
_____ is an auditory-visual illusion that illustrates how we merge information for speech sounds across the senses
McGurk Effect
Soundy Speechy Effect
McDuck Effect
Adobe After Effect
How does the brain tell sensory signals apart?
Modlity
Intensity
Location
Duration
What does Labelled Line Coding refer to?
Signals from a specific sensory neuron are always associated to a specific modality in the brain
Stimulation of sensory neurons attached to pain receptors can be perceived as touch in the brain
Any sensory neuron can transmit any sensory modality to the brain
Sensory inputs are ______ organized at the level of the sensory cortex
Somatotopically
Somatosensory
Randomly
Stimulation of a sensory area during brain surgery can induce a sensation such as touch
True
False
Objection!
When Secondary Sensory Neurons are stimulated, they may send inhibitory signals to other Secondary Sensory Neurons around them. This is known as....
Lateral Inhibition
A dick move
Lateral excitation
Binding
How is the Intensity of a stimulus perceived?
By which receptor field is activated
By how long a stimulation lasts
By which type of receptor is being stimulated
By the frequency of action potentials being fired
_____ may be Tonic or Phasic
Sensory Adaptation
Intensity
Sensory Modality
Frequency of Action Potentials
A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway:
Synesthesia
Modal perception
Lateral inhibition
What are the steps involved in the Theory of Predictive Coding?
1. Brain predicts upcoming stimulus
2. Predictions are compared to actual stimulus
3. Discrepancies modify future predictions
1. Receptor detects a stimulus
2. Sensory neuron integrates signal in Spinal Cord
3. Motor neuron sends signal to effector
1. Pre-Frontal Cortex makes a plan
2. Pre-Motor Cortex sequences movements
3. Primary Motor Cortex executes sequence
A ventriloquist uses visual stimulus to trick the audience into perceiving a sound coming from the puppet. This happens because of....
Binding
McGurk Effect
Proprioception
Placebo Effect
What is the Perceptual Threshold?
The level of stimulus intensity necessary for you to be aware of a particular sensation
The depolarization required to trigger an Action Potential
The integration of multiple sensory modes as a single experience
What 2 stimuli does the Pacinian Corpuscle detect?
Vibration
Stroking
Stretch
Pressure
What stimuli does the Merkel Disc react to?
Steady pressure
Light touch
Stroking
Stretch
What stimuli does the Ruffini Corpuscle respond to?
Stretch
Pressure
Light touch
Vibration
What stimuli does the Meissner's Corpuscle respond to?
Stretch
Pressure
Pain
Stroking/Flutter
Capsaicin in chilli peppers triggers which sensor?
Heat
Taste
Touch
Cold
What temperature range is triggered by Warm receptors?
37°C to 45°C
20°C to 45°C
37°C to 60°C
60°C to 100°C
Which receptors are triggered by Noxious stimuli?
Nociceptors
Proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Vanilloid Receptors respond to damage induced by what stimulus?
Heat
Chemical burns
Cold
Blunt Force Trauma
Where does the sensation of Itch come from?
Nociceptors on the skin
Thermoreceptors on the skin
Chemoreceptors on the skin
Nociceptors in the body
Why is physical pain often accompanied by emotional or autonomic (nausea, sweating) reactions?
Ascending nociceptive pathways branch to the Limbic System and Hypothalamus
Ascending nociceptive pathways decussate at the Medulla Pyramids
To distract you from the ongoing physical pain
Why does rubbing the area of an injury numb the pain?
Spinal neurons connecting to pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors. These other inputs can close the “gates” for the pain messages
The brain can only perceive a set amount of messages at once so any alternative stimuli will decrease the perception of pain
Touch stimuli are always inhibitory
It is a placebo effect
Why does a heart attack cause pain in the left arm and shoulder?
Primary Sensory neurons in the heart converge on the same Secondary Neurons as those in the left arm
All visceral organs synapse on Secondary Sensory Neurons in the left arm
It is a Perceptive illusion to compensate for the fact that we cannot feel our heart
What are the effects of Opioid drugs?
They inhibit the transmission of Pain signals from Primary Sensory Neurons to Secondary Sensory Neurons
They inhibit the transmission between Secondary Sensory Neurons and the Medulla
They have an excitatory effect on Secondary Sensory Neurons, increasing their sensitivity
Where are Opioid receptors found?
Dorsal root ganglion
Sensory cell soma
Spinal Cord
Neuromuscular Junctions
How is taste encoded differently to smell?
Taste relies on Labelled Line coding while smell uses combinatorial coding
Smell relies on Labelled Line coding while taste uses combinatorial coding
Taste is coded at the level of the Gustatory Cortex while smell is coded immediately in the nostril
Each _____ may contain up to ten or more taste buds
Papillae
Choroid plexus
Olfactory receptor
Tongue
What is unique about tasting salt?
The saltiness receptor permits sodium ions to cross the membrane causing an Action Potential
Saltiness receptors detect the presence of acids
Saltiness receptors activate a G protein that releases a second messenger in the cell
What nerves project to the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius (NTS)?
Olfactory nerves
Gustatory (taste) nerves
Optic nerves
Pain receptors
What is a Supertaster?
Someone with sensitive taste buds
Someone with a high number of taste buds
Someone with increased tolerance for strong tastes
Is it possible for humans to smell fear?
Yes
No
Eww
Where do axons from Olfactory Receptors carry information to?
Occipital lobe
Olfactory bulbs
Pre-Frontal cortex
Gustatory cortex
Where are Olfactory receptors located?
On cilia, which extend from the Sensory neurons into the mucous surface of the nasal passage
On the hairs inside the nostril which send messages to the Thalamus
On Papillae which send Labelled Line codes to the Gustatory Cortex
What does Anosmia refer to?
Inability to detect smell
Inability to detect taste
Hypersensitivity to smell
Hypersensitivity to smell
Who is more sensitive to smell?
Men
Women
Neither
What is the cause for synchronization of menstrual cycles in women?
The influence of pheromones on each other
Internal Circadian rhythms
Innate human biological clock
Coincidence
What is Prosody?
Conveying emotional information by tone of the voice
The number of compressions per second, measured in hertz
Refers to the intensity of the sound wave
Which fluid filled tunnels are found in the Cochlea?
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Media
Scala Tympani
Scala Reptilia
The Base of the Cochlea responds to a.)_____ while the Apex responds to b.)_____
a.) High frequency
b.) Low frequency
a.) Low frequency
b.) High frequency
What is true of Hair cells in the Cochlea at rest?
They send a small constant tonic signal
They are inhibited and unable to send a signal
They are bent towards the taller hair
They are bent towards the shorter hair
What occurs when Hair cells in the Cochlea bend towards the longest hair?
The cell depolarises, transmitting APs
The cell hyperpolarises, inhibiting transmission of APs
The cell sends a small tonic signal
What occurs when Hair cells in the Cochlea bend towards the shortest hair?
The cell depolarises, transmitting APs
The cell hyperpolarises, inhibiting transmission of APs
The cell sends a small tonic signal
What is the function of Outer Hair Cells?
Modifying sound by changing stiffness of the Tectorial membrane
Bending when stimulated by sound to send audial information to the brain
Activated by head movement to give sense of balance and head position
Which theory suggests each frequency activates hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane?
Place theory
Frequency theory
Volley principle
Stercus theory
Which theory suggests the Basilar Membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound and causes auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency?
Place theory
Frequency theory
Volley principle
Stercus theory
How is "loudness" encoded by the Cochlear Nerve?
Amplitude of vibration
Frequency of vibration
Duration of vibration
Location of vibration
Auditory information begins it's journey to the brain when Inner Hair synapse on which nerve?
8th Cranial Nerve
1st Cranial Nerve
12th Cranial Nerve
3rd Cranial Nerve
Hard Ass Question: What path does a sound take to the brain?
Auditory Nerve > Cochlear Nucleus > Superior Olive > Inferior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate Nucleus > Primary Auditory Cortex
Auditory Nerve > Superior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate Nucleus > Inferior Olive > Primary Auditory Cortex
Auditory Nerve > Superior Colliculus > Medial Geniculate Nucleus > Inferior Olive > Secondary Auditory Cortex
What two paths does the Medial Geniculate Nucleus take to the Primary Auditory Cortex?
Ventral Stream
Dorsal Stream
Caudal Stream
Rostral Stream
Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)?
Heschel's gyri
Wernickie's area
Occipital lobe
Pre-Frontal Cortex
Where is the Wernicke's Area?
Adjacent to the Heschl's gyrus on the left hemisphere
Adjacent to the Heschl's gyrus on the right hemisphere
Inside the Pre-Frontal lobe
Inside the Central Fissure
Musical ability is generally a.) _____ specialization while language ability is b.) _____ specialization
a.) Right hemisphere
b.) Left hemisphere
a.) Left hemisphere
b.) Central fissure
a.) Left hemisphere
b.) Right hemisphere
a.) Right hemisphere
b.) Central fissure
What Anterior speech area in the left hemisphere functions with the motor cortex to produce the movements needed for speaking?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Hecshl's gyrus
Caudate Nucleus
Stimulation of Wernicke's area during surgery can produce the perception of what?
Familiar sounds (e.g doorbell, crickets)
Simple tones
Sensation of touch in limbs
Sensation of taste
What are the causes of Conductive/Middle Ear Deafness?
Bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
Damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
Damage to Pinna causes less sound to enter middle ear
What are the causes of Nerve/inner Ear Deafness?
Bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
Damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
Damage to Pinna causes less sound to enter middle ear
Time of Arrival, Sound Shadow and Phase Difference are important cues in determining what?
Volume
Pitch
Tempo
Sound localization
What cue can be perceived when determining localization of a sound of ANY frequency?
Time of arrival
Phase difference
Sound shadow
What cue can be perceived when determining localization of a sound of HIGH frequency?
Pitch
Phase difference
Sound shadow
What cue can be perceived when determining localization of a sound of LOW frequency?
Pitch
Phase difference
Sound shadow
What does Vestibular Sensation describe?
Detection of the position and movement of the head
Perception of sound, pitch and tempo
Sensation of voice or music
Comprehension of speech patterns
How do the Vestibular Canals perceive changes in head position?
Hair cells are triggered in response to gravitational forces
Hair cells are bent by incoming sound waves
Simple sensory receptors sense movement
Pain receptors respond to changes in water pressure inside canals
What are functions of Saccules and Utricles in the semi-circular canals?
Saccules = Detect vertical movement
Utricle = Detect horizontal movement
Saccules = Detect horizontal movement
Utricle = Detect vertical movement
Saccules = Detect left tilt
Utricle = Detect right tilt
Saccules = Detect right tilt
Utricle = Detect left tilt
The concept that organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations, not merely individual components comes from which school of thought?
Gestalt
Behaviourism
Humanistic
Psychoanalysis
Distribution of Cone Cells in the Fovea is random
True
False
Fova who now?
The Fovea is packed tightly with what kind of cells?
Cone cells
Rod cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Rods have a high convergence on bipolar cells while Cones have a low convergence on bipolar cells
True
False
Convergence...yes. That is a word.
What is Papilledema?
The membrane of the eye
Swollen optic disc
Inflammation of the meninges
Infection of the inner ear
What is the Blind Spot?
The place where the optic nerve leaves the eye
The inner (nose facing) hemisphere of the eye
Place in the Occipital Lobe with no afferent neorons
A place on the tongue with no taste buds
Which Photoreceptor is most common in the eye?
Rods
Cones
Bobs
Scones
What is true of Cone cells?
Highly responsive to bright light
Specialized for colour and high visual acuity
They are found all over the Retina
They use three types of pigment
What is found on the Outer Segment of Rod and Cone cells?
Folded layers of membrane
The cell's organelles
Dendritic branches
What is the difference between Rod cells and Cone cells?
Outer segment of Rods is taller and thinner
Rods have only one type of pigment
Rods outnumber Cones
Rods are specialised for bright light and colour
Cones are only found in the Fovea
The colour blue has a lower frequency than the colour red
True
False
Purple!
An event where Photons are converted into an electrical signal is known as what?
Phototransduction
Action Potential
Pigmentation
Rhodopsin, the pigment found in Rod cells, is made up of what two parts?
Opsin
Retinale 11-cis
Guanylate Cyclase
cGmp
What is the function of Guanylate Cyclase?
It produces cGMP
It breaks down cGMP
It produces Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
In order to transduce a signal, Rod cells must...
Hyperpolarise
Depolarise
What neurotransmitter is released by Rod Cells?
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
What is the resting potential of a Rod Cell?
-70mV
-35mV
-100mV
+50mV
Cone cells are less sensitive to light than Rod cells
True
False
Who's Rod?
Which retinal cell has a faster perception time?
Rod cell
Cone cell
Phone cell
Aside from Rods and Cones, what cells can be found on the Retina?
Bipolar cell
Horizontal cell
Amacrine cell
Retinal Ganglion cell
What are the two types of Retinal Ganglion Cell?
Magnocellular cell
Parvocellular cell
Bipolar cell
Horizontal cell
In this illustration, where would the Red visual field ultimately travel to?
Right hemisphere of Primary Visual Cortex
Left hemisphere of Primary Visual Cortex
Both hemispheres of Primary Visual Cortex
Label A.
Left Temporal Retina
Left Nasal Retina
Right Temporal Retina
Left Temporal Retina
Label B.
Left Temporal Retina
Left Nasal Retina
Right Temporal Retina
Left Temporal Retina
What is the Optic Chiasm?
Junction of the optic nerves from each eye
Part of the Retina with no Photoreceptors
Part of the Retina with most Cone cells
Part of Occipital Lobe where visual stimuli is sent
The path between the Retina and the Hypothalamus is known as what?
Retinohypothalamic tract
Tectopulvinar system
Geniculostriate system
Pupillary reflex
Pupil dilation is controlled by what?
Retinohypothalamic tract
Tectopulvinar system
Geniculostriate system
Pupillary reflex
Projections from the retina to the Superior Colliculus to the Pulvinar (Thalamus) to the Parietal and Temporal visual areas is known as what?
Retinohypothalamic tract
Tectopulvinar system
Geniculostriate system
Pupillary reflex
What is the function of the Superior Colliculus in vision?
Orienting movements by detecting stimuli and shifting eyes towards them
Sends visual information to the Pulvinar region of the Thalamus
Receives information from Magnocellular cells (which receive input from Rods(
Forms part of the Tectopulvinar Pathway
Visual Pathways are remain segregated till they arrive to the Visual Cortices
True
False
¿Qué
What is the Dorsal Visual Stream?
Pathway that originates in the Occipital Cortex and projects to the Parietal Cortex
Pathway that originates in the Occipital Cortex and projects to the Temporal Cortex
The What pathway (identifies an object)
The How pathway (how action is to be guided toward objects)
What is the Ventral Visual Stream?
Pathway that originates in the Occipital Cortex and projects to the Parietal Cortex
Pathway that originates in the Occipital Cortex and projects to the Temporal Cortex
The What pathway (identifies an object)
The How pathway (how action is to be guided toward objects)
The Primary Visual Cortex is referred to as...
V1
V2
V3
V4
On-Centre Retinal Ganglion cells are...
Excited when light falls on the center portion of the receptive field
Excited when light falls on the surround of the receptive field
Off-Centre Retinal Ganglion cells are...
Excited when light falls on the center portion of the receptive field
Excited when light falls on the surround of the receptive field
A light shone on an On-Centre Retinal Ganglion Cell's entire receptive field would trigger a much stronger response
True
False
Retinal who now?
A small spot of light shone on the Retina will likely only trigger one Retinal Ganglion Cell's receptive field
True
False
Tralse
In this illustration, what can the brain perceive from the way these Retinal Ganglion Cells are activated?
A complex shape
A moving image
Nothing
A straight line
Retinal Ganglion Cells transmit their signals to...
Neurons in the V1
Neurons in the V2
Neurons in the M1
Neruons in the M2
What is true of Simple Cells in the Primary Visual Cortex?
They have a rectangular field
They have a circular field
They can detect orientation
They can detect movement
Which stream recognizes that an apple is an apple when you look at an apple?
Apple
Ventral Stream
Dorsal Stream
Corticospinal tract
Which Cortex is tasked with recognizing one face from another?
Visual Cortex
Pre-Frontal Cortex
Parietal Cortex
Temporal Cortex
What is the Opponent Process theory?
Colours are coded as opposites of each other
Sounds are coded as opposites of each other
Smells are encoded as opposites of each other
Tastes are encoded as opposites of each other
Damage to the Ventral Stream results in what?
Inability to see objects
Inability to reach for objects we see
Inability to recognize objects
Damage to the Dorsal Stream results in what?
Inability to see objects
Inability to reach for objects we see
Inability to recognize objects
