True or False: Fungi cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules.

Which of the following is the biggest organism on Earth?

True or False: Plants, animals, and fungi trace their ancestry to protists.

___________________ tells the animals and fungi shared a common ancestor after plants evolved.

True or False: Animals and plants are more closely related to each other than either is to fungi.

What was more than likely the common ancestor between animals and fungi?

True or False: The arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi exist only as mycorrhizae in association with plant roots.

Mycorrhizae are evident in _________ fossils

True or false: Body (thallus) of must fungi is multicellular mycelium.

Yeasts are ________.

Fungi consist of a vast network of ______ hyphae.

True or False: Nonseptate fungi have hyphae with cross walls.

_____ fungi are multinucleated.

What are fungi cell walls made of?

What does fungi store excess food as?

True or False: Fungial hyphae may be only septated or coenocytic with many nuceli present in a single hypha.

True or False: Fungi may have both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction.

What are the three stages in sexual reproduction of fungi?

True or false: During sexual reproduction of fungi, hyphae from two different mating types fuse.

What are hyphae that contain paired haploid nuceli called?

________- produces diploid nucleus in the sexual reproduction of fungi.

Asexual reproduction usually involves the production of ________________.

Unicellular yeasts reproduce by ___________.

The phylum _____________ is mainly saproptrophs decomposing animal and plant remains.

What is an example from the phylum zygomycota?

True or False: Phylum Zygomycota reproduce sexually and asexually.

What happens in the sexual life cycle of zygomycetes?

Which phylum does sac fungi belong to?

True or False: Sac fungi are mostly saprotrophs and can digest cellulose, lignin, or collagen.

Sac Fungi are composed of ________ hyphae

What are some plant diseases that are caused by sac fungi?

_____________ and ___________ are sac fungi that cause serious human infections: mycosis

True or False: Sexual and Asexual reproduction are part of the life cycle for fungi.

In the sexual reproduction of sac fungi: _____________ is a fingerlike sac that develops during sexual reproduction.

True or false: Sac Fungi (Molds) can be helpful to humans

A group of green molds used to produce soy sauce by fermentation of soybeans

True or False: Aspergillus is used to produce citric and gallic acids.

A species of blue molds is the source of the familar antibiotic called penicillin.

True or False; Yeasts can only be beneficial to humans

Which sac fungi (yeast) is commonly added to sterile grape juice to make wine?

What do some yeast produce when they ferment?

_______________- is a yeast that causes fungal infections

True or False: Oral thrush is a candida infection of the mouth and commonly found in newborns and AIDS patients.

"The club fungi" belongs to which phylum?

What does the phylum basidiomycota or club fungi consist of?

True or false: The mycelium of club fungi are composed of septate hyphae

How do club fungi usually reproduce?

What are the dikaryotic mycelium forms of fruiting bodies called in club fungi such as mushrooms?

What is considered the relative small group of fungi?

Arbuscules are branching invaginations that fungus make when it invades the ______________.

What is a mutualistic association in fungi of AM?

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or green algae.

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between ______- and the roots of most familiar plants.

True or False: Earliest fossil plants have mycorrhizae associated with them

Which phylum of fungi are found in the digestive flora of ruminants?

What strategies did plants have to develop when transitioning form water?

What kind of environment do seedless plants require?

In plants, ___________ refers to the life cycle in which there is a dominant haploid stage.

In plants, _________-- refers to a life cycle in which diploid is a dominant stage (humans).

In plants gametophyte refers to _________.

In plants, sporophytes refers to _______

__________ generation is dominant in lower plants.

True or False: As plants evolved, gametophyte generation got smaller, sporophyte generation became more dominant​

Where does the addition of new cells occur in a root of a plant?

The _________ protects the fragile apical meristem as the root tip is pushed through the soil by cell elongation.

Early land plants that did not grow more than a few inches off the ground were ___________________ plants.

True or false: Vascular tissues were developed for the transport of food and water derived from photosynthesis, allowing plants to grow taller away from water source.

Which vascular plant tissue conducts water and minerals from soil up to the shoot?

Which vascular plant tissue transports products of photosynthesis through the entire plant?

__________- protects leaves and stem from desiccation.

True or False: The waxy cuticle prevents the intake of CO2.

Which leaf structure helps with the intake of CO2?

Vascular plants are also called _____________.

What do nonvascular plants lack?

In nonvascular plants ___________ is dominant.

In gametophyte: Archegonia produce haploid ________

In gametophyte: Antheridia produce haploid

True or False: In nonvascular plants, sprophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.

True or False: The Phloem is lignified for mechanical strength and impermeable to water, as well as support.​

Which of the vascular tissues consist of sieve elements and supportive cells?

Which vascular tissue will help plants impressive heights?

True or False: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are also found in roots of legume plants.

True or False: Bryophytes are not dependent on water for reproduction.

True or False: In seedless vascular plants, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle. ​

In seedless vasxular plants __________ is dominant.

True or False: Club mosses are not true mosses of bryophytes.

Which of the following describe the environment of ferns?

Mosses are at the base of the food chain in the _______biome

Select how ferns contribute to the environment.

Seeded plants are divided in ___________- and ___________

True or False: Angiosperms (Flowering plants) are the most recently evolved plants​

True or False: Success of seed plants due to evolution of seed​

What are the purpose of seeds?

True or False: Dormancy allows the “clock to be stopped” to survive harsh periods before germinating​

What enhanced seed dispersal?

AN extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue that hardens into _______

What contains the food supply for the embryo?

(micro-) gametophytes

Within Pollen Grains

​ Dispersed by wind or a pollinator​

No need for water​ ​

(mega-) gametophytes

​ Develop within a ovule ​

Enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue in angiosperms ​

Coniferophyta​

Cycadophyta​

Gnetophyta​

Ginkophyta

Anthophyta

"Naked seeds"

Ovule exposed

Lack flowers & fruits

Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others

In pine reproduction where are gametophytes found?

"Slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions" (Palm trees)

Only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem​

Only one living species remains​

​ Flagellated sperm​

Dioecious​

Vascular bundles scattered

Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

What produces true wood?

The shoot system is composed on vegetative (non-reproduction) parts of the plant such as

What reproductive parts are included in the shoot system of the plant?

What describes the root system of the plant?

What is the epidermis above ground (leaves and stem) involved with?

The epidermis below ground (roots) is involved with___________ and _________.

Mesophyll

points of attachment​ for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers.

regions between two nodes. ​

usually found in the axil—the area between the base of a leaf and the stem—where it can give rise to a branch or a flower.

the apex (tip) of the shoot contains ​the apical meristem​

undifferentiated cell with potential to become other cell types. Contains organelles; thin primary cell wall. ​

similar to parenchyma cell, but with unevened thickened cell walls. Provides support.​

contain secondary cell walls in addition to primary cell wall. Provides more support and strength to cells, as well as xylem and phloem

What are the functions of guard cells?

hair-like outgrowths of epidermis. ​

True or False; Root hairs are hair-like extensions of root epidermis. Facilitate the uptake of water and nutrients

Long and narrow, with end walls. Walls perforated with pits, which allow water to move from cell to cell.

Shorter than tracheids with thinner walls.

are arranged end to end to make up a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids. ​

are found alongside the sieve-tube cells, providing them with metabolic support. more ribosomes and mitochondria

True or False: Sieve tube cells lack some cellular organelles.

is the growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space. ​

​is the ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.

is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.

True or False: Flowers are modified stems bearing modified leaves.

Primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk called the

Pedicel expands at the tip to form a

Outermost whorl

Second whorl

Third whorl – ________​

Innermost whorl – ________ ​

House the female gametophyte​

contains ovule (contains megagametophyte)​

Fruit

Seed

Tip where pollen lands

Neck or Stalk leading to ovary

True or False: Pollination may or may not be followed by fertilization.