WorksheetsDr. Fagbola Geology Exam 2 study questions
Total questions: 125
Worksheet time: 6hrs 15mins
Partial melting results in magma that is ________ that of the rock from which it was derived.
different than
the same as
The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as ________.
silica content
mineral content
texture
Bowen's reaction series
________ refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the composition of the remaining magma to change.
Magma mixing
Differentiation
Assimilation
Crystal settling
Structures that result from the emplacement of magma into preexisting rocks are called ________.
host rock
extrusions
plutons
country rocks
Which of the following mineral crystallizes at the highest temperature (Bowens reaction series)?
potassium feldspar
olivine
amphibole
quartz
________ is the name given to molten rock when it reaches Earth's surface.
Lava
Magma
Melt
Igneous
________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism.
Neon and ammonia
Water and carbon dioxide
Chlorine and sodium
Oxygen and nitrogen
Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow.
The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains.
Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.
Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________.
basaltic shield volcanoes
andesitic stratovolcanoes
explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes
small, basaltic cinder cones
Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?
aa
pahoehoe
scoria
pumice
Mount St. Helens is ________.
basaltic cinder cone
a basaltic shield volcano
a small, welded tuff cone
an explosive stratovolcano
Which of the following is a name for igneous rocks that crystalize beneath Earth's surface?
plutonic igneous rock
volcanic rock
extrusive rock
Intrusive and plutonic are both names for igneous rocks that crystallize beneath Earth's surface.
intrusive igneous rock
Which one of the following shows the correct order (from left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? (remember that viscosity is resistance to flow, so you should pick the answer that has the most viscous lava type on the left, and the least viscous (most runny) on the right.
andesite, rhyolite, basalt
andesite, basalt, rhyolite
rhyolite, andesite, basalt
basalt, andesite, rhyolite
How are Iceland's volcanoes related to plate tectonics?
They lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging.
They lie on a continental rift where two plates are diverging.
They lie on an oceanic spreading center where two plates are diverging.
Examine the figure and consider a rock under the conditions shown by the black dot labeled "Start here." What would you have to do to that rock in order to cause it to begin melting?
increase its temperature
Any of these could help the rock to melt.
add water
decrease its pressure
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
basalt
gabbro
granite
diorite
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
rhyolite
pumice
granite
obsidian
Hawaii is located on a plate boundary.
True
False
Lava flows are the greatest volcanic hazard
True
False
Generally speaking, Hawaiian volcanoes are more explosive than the volcanoes of the Cascade Range
True
False
Know the Order of the steps involved in fractional crystallization
Magma after entering through the bottom of the magma chamber, reaches the top of the chamber
Magnesium-and iron-rich minerals begin to crystallize
Mineral crystals have a higher density than liquid magma, sink to the bottom of the magma chamber.
The magma shifts toward a more intermediate composition.
Determine whether the rock is felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic. (Note the relatively high proportions of grey, white, and pink minerals in the sample.)
intermediate
felsic
ultramafic
mafic
In order to answer this question, you'll need to watch and experiment with the Partial Melting topic of the Lava Composition Simulation. Click here to access the Lava Composition Simulation, and then navigate to this screen using the Topics menu. What composition of magma is produced by melting at lower temperatures? At higher temperatures?
Felsic
Intermediate
mafic
ultramafic
The classification of igneous rocks depends on both grain size and silica composition. Using your knowledge of this information for the igneous rocks listed, place the rock names in the correct positions on the chart.
A. Basalt
B. Diorite
C. gabbro
D. Peridotite
E. Rhyolite
Match the geologic setting to the rock type that forms there by dragging the setting to the appropriate rock image.
A. explosive erpution
B. Pluton
C. lava flow
Intrusive rocks
Identify tectonic activity
continental shelf
transform fault
continental rift
subjunction zone
Identify the tectonic activity
transform fault
continental rift
subjunction zone
mid-ridge ocean
Identify the tectonic activity
mid-ridge volcano
hot-spot volcano
continental shelf
transform fault
Identify the tectonic activity
Mid- ocean ridge
hot-spot volcano
continental rift
subjunction zone
What is a A?
asthenosphere
mantle plume
fissure eruptions
crust
lithospheric mantle
What is a B?
asthenosphere
mantle plume
fissure eruptions
crust
lithospheric mantle
What is a c?
asthenosphere
mantle plume
fissure eruptions
crust
lithospheric mantle
What is a E?
asthenosphere
mantle plume
fissure eruptions
crust
lithospheric mantle
What is a D?
asthenosphere
mantle plume
fissure eruptions
crust
lithospheric mantle
What does grain size generally indicate about the cooling of a melt?
Larger crystals indicate the melt cooled rapidly.
Larger crystals indicate the melt cooled at a deeper depth.
Larger crystals indicate the melt cooled at a shallower depth.
Larger crystals indicate the melt cooled gradually.
Identify the statement that best describes the role of magma mixing in altering magma composition.
It is thought that separate magma chambers can undergo mixing via the creation of connections between the two chambers.
It is thought that magma mixing takes place readily and affects the majority of magma chambers.
It is now known that magma mixing is not a plausible means of altering magma compositions.
Magma mixing is the primary process in the genesis of new magma compositions.
Scientists estimate the recurrence interval of eruptions at Yellowstone caldera is about 730,000 years. Which of the following statements best describes the recurrence interval of Yellowstone caldera?
Yellowstone is an extinct volcano, and thus it will never erupt again.
Yellowstone erupts on average about every 730,000 years, but it may erupt sooner or later than that.
Yellowstone erupts exactly every 730,000 years, as shown by the recurrence interval.
Different types of lava have different viscosities, depending on their composition or temperature, or both. Label the types of lava flows based on their relative viscosities.
highest-viscosity lava
intermediate-viscosity lava
lowest-viscosity lava
Different types of lava have different viscosities, depending on their composition or temperature, or both. Label the types of lava flows based on their relative viscosities.
highest-viscosity lava
intermediate-viscosity lava
lowest-viscosity lava
Different types of lava have different viscosities, depending on their composition or temperature, or both. Label the types of lava flows based on their relative viscosities.
highest-viscosity lava
intermediate-viscosity lava
lowest-viscosity lava
Watch this USGS video showing the collapse of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō crater floor in Hawaii. Pay special attention to the beginning of the video (once the sun has come up) and answer the question below.
ultramafic
potassic
mafic
felsic
Flood basalt form
from the sudden release of accumulated gas pressure within a volcano.
at continental rifts, where vast bodies of lava flow from fissures.
when the overriding plate at a subduction zone is composed of oceanic lithosphere.
when a pyroclastic flow mixes with a nearby water source.
An explosive volcanic eruption does not produce lava flows because
the lava produced cools too quickly due to the abundant water in the surrounding environment.
the gases below the surface rise and cause the magma to cool and solidify.
the overriding plate at the subduction zone where the volcano formed is composed of oceanic lithosphere.
the sudden release of accumulated gas pressure blasts the lava upward, forming pyroclastic debris.
The image shows Capulin Volcano, a volcano that formed roughly 60,000 years ago and rises 1,000 feet above the surrounding plain. Capulin is best described as what type of volcano?
composite volcano
cinder cone
shield volcano
Which of the following volcanic hazards are associated with shield volcanoes?
earthquakes
lava flow
gas emissions
lahars
landslides
Determine the type of volcano most likely shown in each picture.
Stratovolcano
Shield volcano
Determine the type of volcano most likely shown in each picture.
Stratovolcano
Shield volcano
The image shows Mount St. Helens two years after its 1980 eruption. Given the shape of the volcano and presence of a lava dome (source of the steam), what is the most likely composition of the associated magma?
ultramafic
felsic to intermediate
mafic
no relationship between these features and magma composition
Stratovolcanoes can create several volcanic hazards both during and after eruption events. Based on the animation, place the following volcanic hazards in chronological order based on when they would likely impact a town near the volcano after an eruption occurs.
Know this organization
a pyroclastic flow of lapilli and super-heated gases
a lahar formed from volcanic ash mixing with quickly melted snow and ice
volcanic ash distributed by wind
a landslide caused by the collapse of coherent lava and friable ash deposits.
Which of the following are methods used by geologists to predict a volcanic eruption?
A. measuring an increased occurrence of gaseous emissions
B. observing changes in the shape of a volcano
C. measuring an increased incidence of earthquakes
D. measuring an increase in heat flow
Which of the following terms best describes this extrusive igneous feature?
columnar basalt
pillow basalt
a'a'
pahoehoe
Choose the most likely eruptive style from the dropdown menu for the volcanoes shown below.
effusive shield
explosive stratovolcano
Choose the most likely eruptive style from the dropdown menu for the volcanoes shown below.
effusive shield
explosive stratovolcano
Which of the following are the primary gases that erupt from volcanoes?
Water vapor
carbon dioxide
sulfur dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is not true?
is important in the formation of talus slopes
involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material
reduces grain sizes of rock particles
allows for faster rates of chemical weathering
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
weathering
lithification
compaction
cementation
Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.
colors of the cementing minerals
grain sizes of the detrital particles
degree of compaction and lithification
mineral composition
Which of the following best describe the A soil horizon?
residual zone
leaching zone
erosion zone
regolith zone
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified and named principally on the basis of ________.
rock color
grain size
composition
location
Three of the following statements about mechanical weathering are true. One is false. Which statement is incorrect?
Mechanical weathering produces smaller pieces.
Mechanical weathering adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering.
Mechanical weathering does not affect metamorphic rocks.
Mechanical weathering does not change the rock's mineral composition.
Which of the following is/are most susceptible to chemical weathering by dissolution?
calcite
quartz
iron oxides
day minerals
Which term best describes an accumulation of angular rock fragments at the base of a steep, bedrock slope or cliff?
tellus slope
taliche slope
talus slope
trellis slope
From the land surface downward to the unweathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?
E, A, B, C, 0, bedrock
0, A, E, B, C, bedrock
D, E, C, B, A, bedrock
A, B, C, D, E, bedrock
What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?
warm temperatures; very moist
low temperatures; very moist
low temperatures; very dry
high temperatures; very dry
Which of the following is true about sedimentary rocks?
They form from mechanical, but not chemical weathering.
They cover up to 50% of Earth's land areas.
They contain much of the basic information needed to reconstruct Earth's history.
They have little to no economic significance.
Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statement is true?
water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer together
water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together
water expands as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?
frost wedging
hydrologic cycling
eluviation
oxidation
Which kind of rocks may contain fossils?
sedimentary
minerals
igneous
metamorphic
You are working in the field and come across and outcrop that contains graded beds. Which of the following best describes the likely depositional environment?
windy desert
landslide
turbidity current
mountain stream
A poorly sorted sandstone, containing angular grains of ferromagnesian minerals, was probably deposited ________ the source area of the particles.
far from
to close to
It is impossible to tell based on this information.
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?
greywacke
conglomerate
mudstone
oolitic limestone
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. PLEASE ANSWER WITH THE ALPHABET THAT CORRESPONDS TO YOUR ANSWER.
a. oxidation b. dissolution c. hydrolysis d. sheeting
A
B
C
D
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. PLEASE ANSWER WITH THE ALPHABET THAT CORRESPONDS TO YOUR ANSWER.
a. frost wedging b. mass wasting c. hydrolysis d. oxidation
A
B
C
D
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. PLEASE ANSWER WITH THE ALPHABET THAT CORRESPONDS TO YOUR ANSWER.
a. shale b. sandstone c. breccia d. conglomerate
A
B
C
D
Rank the following steps describing how a clastic sedimentary rock forms from its pre-existing parent rock
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Lithification
Rock is weathered to produce sediments
Sediments are buried
Compaction removes air from pore spaces
Chemically rich groundwater flows through pore spaces
Minerals percipitate in pore space
Sediments are glued together by cement to form sedimentary rock
Place the geologic processes below in the order necessary to form sedimentary rock.
How to make igneous rock
How to make metamorphic rock.
The image shows sedimentary rocks exposed in Death Valley National Park. In which of the following environments was this deposit was likely laid down?
A. alluvial fan
B. shallow marine
C. sand dune
D. Lake
A delta consists of clastic sediment. The different grain sizes of sediments accumulate in different parts of the delta. Drag and drop the labels to indicate the appropriate clast sizes at each location. The arrow shows where the stream flows into the lake.
Where is slit and clay?
A
B
C
D
A delta consists of clastic sediment. The different grain sizes of sediments accumulate in different parts of the delta. Drag and drop the labels to indicate the appropriate clast sizes at each location. The arrow shows where the stream flows into the lake.
Where is sand and gravel
A
B
C
D
A delta consists of clastic sediment. The different grain sizes of sediments accumulate in different parts of the delta. Drag and drop the labels to indicate the appropriate clast sizes at each location. The arrow shows where the stream flows into the lake.
Where is open water?
A
B
C
D
A delta consists of clastic sediment. The different grain sizes of sediments accumulate in different parts of the delta. Drag and drop the labels to indicate the appropriate clast sizes at each location. The arrow shows where the stream flows into the lake.
Where is mostly gravel?
A
B
C
D
Identify outcomes of physical weathering
more rounded fragments
smaller fragments
clay minerals
chemically altered minerals
What are these steps
Coherent, unweathered rock
rock breaks apart into loose grains
chemical weathering weakens rocks
regolith and clay form
Order the steps in the weathering process, starting with a solid rock, such as granite.
Igneous rock formation
sedimentary rocks formations
Metamorphic rocks formation
What are type of weathering is this?
Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
What are type of weathering is this?
Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is A
abundant leaching, little organic matter
organic material mixed with clay, silt, and sand
weathered bedrock
contains abundant organic material
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is B
abundant leaching, little organic matter
organic material mixed with clay, silt, and sand
weathered bedrock
contains abundant organic material
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is c
abundant leaching, little organic matter
organic material mixed with clay, silt, and sand
weathered bedrock
contains abundant organic material
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is D
abundant leaching, little organic matter
organic material mixed with clay, silt, and sand
weathered bedrock
contains abundant organic material
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is E
abundant leaching, little organic matter
intact bedrock
weathered bedrock
contains abundant organic material
Label the soil horizons on the image below.
What is E
abundant leaching, little organic matter
intact bedrock
weathered bedrock
clay and fine organics collect to form new minerals.
Identify outcomes of chemical weathering.
smaller fragments
more rounded fragments
chemically altered minerals
clay minerals
________ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.
Stress streaking
Foliation
Marbleizing
Rock Cleavage
The metamorphic grade refers to ________.
the composition of the newly formed metamorphic rock
whether the original rock was igneous or sedimentary
the composition of the parent rock
the degree to which the parent rock changes during metamorphism
________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone.
Quartzite
Marble
Slate
Amphibolite
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
marble
schist
slate
phyllite
In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?
at shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone
at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding
at shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense
at shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust
Regional metamorphism occurs during ________.
chemical weathering of limestone in caves
mountain building
sheeting of exposed plutons of granite
intrusion of magma
The best clue for identifying the parent rock from which a metamorphic rock was derived is ________.
the depth at which the metamorphism occurred
the chemical composition of the metamorphic rock
the temperature at which the metamorphism occurred
the grade of metamorphism
Which type of metamorphism occurs specifically in the heated zone around a pluton or other body of magma?
regional
hydrothermal
contact
burial
Metamorphism typically occurs
at Earth's surface
deep beneath Earth's surface
only near faults
in near-surface environments
Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
time
recrystallization
chemical fluids
pressure
Identify the metamorphic rocks in each of the pairs of rocks.
A
B
Identify the metamorphic rocks in each of the pairs of rocks.
A
B
What steps are these
Protolith minerals are consumed by chemical reactions.
Thin clay minerals begin to align
Clay grains flatten out and become parallel to one another
Small garnets appear
Neocrystallization
Metamorphic
Geologists use the term "metamorphic grade" to indicate the amount or degree of metamorphic change. The diagram shows seven rocks. Drag and drop three of the statements to the correct rock's target.
What is C, A, and B?
High-grade rock with compositional banding formed without melting
Low-grade rock used for roofing shingles
Intermediate-grade rock with coarse mica
Intermediate-grade rock with coarse mica
Low-grade rock used for roofing shingles
High-grade rock with compositional banding formed without melting
Low-grade rock used for roofing shingles
Intermediate-grade rock with coarse mica
High-grade rock with compositional banding formed without melting
Choose the statement that best describes foliation.
an arrangement of mineral grains such that most are of the same size and shape
an alignment of mineral grains parallel to the direction of compression
the texture typical of all metamorphic rocks
an alignment of mineral grains perpendicular to the direction of compression
What are the consequences of shear stress
elongation of grains
rounding of grains
foliation
development of large, equant grains
What are the consequences of uniform pressure
elongation of grains
rounding of grains
foliation
development of large, equant grains
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Mid ocean ridge
burial
dynamic
shock
hydrothermal
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Mountain range core
burial
dynamic
dynamo-thermal
hydrothermal
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Ten miles below the surface
burial
dynamic
dynamo-thermal
hydrothermal
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Fault zone
burial
dynamic
dynamo-thermal
hydrothermal
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Intrusion of a pluton
burial
dynamic
thermal
hydrothermal
Match the following geologic settings to the form of metamorphism which occurs at that location.
Meteorite Impact Site
shock
dynamic
thermal
hydrothermal
Which of the compressional stress orientations shown in the images below produced the foliation shown in the photo above?
This figure shows microscopic views of the grains of various metamorphic rocks. Which of the metamorphic rocks formed as the result of plastic deformation?
Rock D
Rock A
Rock B
Rock C
The metamorphic rock shown below is best classified as
slate
phyllite
gneiss
schist
WHat happens from Low grade to High grade
The meta morph from right to left
They meta morph from left to right
Which of the following household materials do not originate from mineral resources?
A. lithium in batteries
B. gold and diamond jewelry
C. natural rubber used in footwear
D. magnets
E. plastic used in light fixtures
F. graphite pencil "lead"
Which of the following ore resources have expected lifetimes of "0 years" in the United States?
A. manganese
D. chromium
B. gold
C. iron
E. copper F. aluminum
E.copperF.aluminum
A. 250,000 kg
B. 15,000 kg
C. 550 kg
D. 8,000 kg
E. 25 kg
Identify the materials that are made from nonmetallic resources.
electrical wire
B. nuts and bolts
C. granite countertops
D. concrete
E. drywall
Identify statements true of metals.
A. Copper is an example of a metal.
B. Metals are radioactive
C. Metals are malleable
D. Metals can conduct electricity
