Identify this gland.

The thyroid produces thyroid hormone called

The thyroid controls

This hormone regulates water concentration.

Hormones from this gland control other endocrine glands

When there's not enough energy available, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release___

the _____ regulates the amount of calcium in the blood.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the ___ to produce and release its hormones.

-Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube

-Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side

-Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days)

-Expels non-motile sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the vas deferens (an ejaculation)

Attached to bladder, surrounded by prostate

From Prostatic Urethra to beginning of penis

Runs the length of the penis

-Encircles the upper part of the urethra anterior to rectum

-Its many ducts secrete a thin, alkaline,  milky fluid into the urethra

-Contains citrate that helps nourish sperm

-Contains Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) that helps  liquefy semen

-Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate

-Produces a thick, salty, clear mucus in response to sexual stimulation (pre-ejaculate)

-Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine

-Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse Secreted into the penile urethra

▪contains an immature oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells.

▪growing follicle with increasing amounts of granulosa cells and a maturing oocyte.

▪large follicle has fluid filled region called an antrum and a maturing oocyte is ready to be ejected from ovary

stimulates follicular development (follicular phase)

stimulates ovulation (luteal phase)

main portion of the uterus

area of the uterus where fallopian tube enters

narrow outlet of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina

Inner layer

a mucous membrane (mucosa) that becomes very blood rich

allows for implantation of a fertilized egg

sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)

middle layer of smooth muscle

responsible for contractions during delivery and the less powerful contractions that expels menstrual blood during menses

Outer Layer-(visceral peritoneum) -outermost serous layer of the uterus

Fatty area overlying the pubic bone

Covered with pubic hair after puberty

Labia majora (outer)

Labia minora (inner)

Enclosed by labia minora

Contains urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and orifices of the greater vestibular glands (produce mucus for lubrication)

Contains erectile tissue

Corresponds to the male penis

superficial functional layer of endometrium is sloughed off / blood flow through vagina (days 1-5)

basal layer regenerates the functional layer of the endometrium (days 6-14)

endometrium increases blood supply even more and readies for implantation (days 15-28)

produced by granulosa cells

as granulosa cells increase, so does estrogen

stimulate proliferative phase

-produced by corpus luteum

-helps in implantation of an embryo in uterus

-helps maintain pregnancy and prepare breasts for milk production

-production continues until luteinizing hormone (LH) diminishes in blood

Hair covered skin folds

-delicate, hair-free folds of skin

-Protect urethra and entrance to vagina (vaginal introitus)

-Entrance can be partially covered by a thin membrane called the hymen

-(the response opposes or negates the original stimulus)

-when a substances is regulated by a hormone and is deficient, glands are stimulated to secrete the specific hormone

-This will continue until the homeostatic level is achieved

(the response exaggerates or enhances the original stimulus rather than opposing it)

-control self-perpetuating events that can be out of control and do not require continuous adjustment.

-The initial stimulus is promoted not negated

-Positive feedback increases the deviation from the norm

-E.g. oxytocin that stimulates labour contractions

-Another hormone

-Most common

-A gland is stimulated to release a hormone by the hormones secreted by another gland

chemical qualities if a body fluid triggers the release of a hormone

-Neural impulse

-These stimuli may be either stimulatory or inhibitory

-Also has nonendocrine target

-With other hormones stimulates mammary gland development and maintains milk production following childbirth

-Function in males is unknown

-corticotropin

-Stimulates the steroid hormone release  (specifically the glucocorticoids) by the adrenal cortex

-thyrotropin

-Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries

Works with LH to stimulate estrogen

Stimulates sperm development in testes

-Triggers ovulation of an egg in females and the relase of estrogen and progestins in preparation for pregnancy

-Stimulates androgen production in males

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding

Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman (let-down reflex)

-Triggered by elevated solute levels in blood, or decreasing blood volume hence blood pressure

-Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

-In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure

-Also known as vasopressin

-outer glandular region has three layers

-Mineralocorticoids secreting area (outer area)

-Glucocorticoids secreting area (middle area)

-Sex hormones secreting area (inner area)

inner neural tissue region

Produced in outer adrenal cortex

Regulate mineral content in blood (Na, and K)

Regulate water and electrolyte balance

Target organ is the kidney

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

Promote normal cell metabolism

Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood-glucose levels

Anti-inflammatory properties

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

-allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

-Humoral stimulus; released when glucose levels are high

-Increases glucose uptake and metabolism

-produced by pancreatic alpha cells

-Humoral stimulus; released when glucose levels are low

-Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, elevating blood-glucose levels

Correct pathway of sperm from the testis to the urethra:Rete testes, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, ductus deferens

Tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the posterior aspect of the testis

Cuff of skin encircling the glans penis

site of testosterone production

Surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid

connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

produce more then half of the seminal fluid

The final product is 2 daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes

The final product is four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes

This process involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

This process occurs only in the gonads

Daughter cells have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell

Daughter cells are different from the mother cell in their chromosomal makeup

Chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins

This process provides cells for the reproduction of offspring

This process consists of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus; chromosomes are not replicated before the second division

Forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary

In the uterine tube before fertilization

In the mature, follicle of the ovary

In the uterine tube shortly after sperm penetration

The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus, and the endometrium is the _________ layer

The approximate area between the anus and the clitoris in the female is the:

the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus

Rhythmic, expulsive contractions

Operates by the positive feedback mechanism

Cervix becomes dilated

Full dilation is 10 cm

Uterine contractions begin and increase

Cervix softens and effaces (thins)

The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)

Longest stage at 6–12 hours

Infant passes through the cervix and vagina

Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births

Normal delivery is head first (vertex position)

Breech presentation is buttocks-first

Delivery of the placenta

Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant

Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes

All placental fragments should be removed to avoid postpartum bleeding

-Projections of the blastocyst develop

-Cooperate with cells of the uterus to form the placenta

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo

Blood-vessel containing stalk of tissue

Attaches the embryo to the placenta