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WorksheetsHonors Biology Final Exam Spring
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 8hrs 56mins
a __________ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
allele
histone
helix
Why do offspring typically resemble their parents (if produced through sexual reproduction)?
nucleic acids that contain information about the parental traits are inherited and expressed in the offspring
proteins that contain information about the parental traits are inherited and expressed in the offspring
parents and offspring always develop in a similar environment, so the environment selects the same traits in each
the mother's uterus is the same for each offspring, so they will have the same genes expressed
In simple (Mendelian) inheritance...The genotype "Tt" would have the ____________ phenotype expressed.
recessive
dominant
blend/mix of the two parents
maternal
_____________ cells contain 23 chromosomes in humans and _____________ cells contain 46 chromosomes.
gamete, somatic
somatic, gamete
mitosis, meiosis
nondisjunction, normal
If a colorblind female plans on having a child with a male with normal color vision...what is the % chance that their first SON would be colorblind?
100%
50%
75%
25%
0%
Mendel's Law of Segregation states that
the two alleles that make up a parent's genotype will be separated from each other during gamete formation
traits will be inherited independently from each other
the gametes produced will be identical to the mother's somatic cells
the gametes produced will be identical to the father's somatic cells
Edgar is trying to determine the genotype of his black cat. He breeds it with a gray cat (homozygous) and finds that 50% of the kittens are gray and 50% of them are black. What must the genotype of his black cat be? (simple dominance and the only two fur options are black or gray here)
Aa
aa
AA
impossible to tell
Widow's peak is dominant to a straight hairline. If a heterozygous man has 8 kids with a woman with a straight hairline...which of the following statements is accurate?
exactly 4 of their kids will have a widow's peak and 4 will have a straight hairline
each child will have a 25% chance of having a widow's peak
each child will have a 50% chance of having a widow's peak
exactly 6 of their kids will have a widow's peak and 2 will have a straight hairline
Match the scientist(s) to their contribution...
____________ = Genetics
____________ = Evolution
Gergor Mendel, Charles Darwin/Alfred Russel Wallace
Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel
James Watson, Francis Crick/Rosalind Franklin
Jean Baptist Lamarck, Gregor Mendel
What must the genotype of person I-2 be?
XHXh
XHXH
XhXh
XHYh
If person #4 remarries an unaffected male...what % chance will they have an affected SON?
25%
50%
75%
0%
100%
Use the autosomal recessive pedigree pictured. What must the genotype of person #8 be?
AA
Aa
aa
impossible to tell given this information
In dogs, brown fur (B) is dominant to white fur. Long fur (F) is dominant to short fur. What are the possible gamete combinations for a heterozygous brown and homozygous long fur dog?
BF, bF
BF, Bf, bF, bf
bF, Bf
BB, FF, Bb, Ff
A trait that has a wide variety of phenotypes would be controlled by this pattern of inheritance.
polygenic
incomplete dominance
codominance
multiple alleles
simple dominance
Use the autosomal dominant pedigree to figure out the genotype of individual #4
AA
Aa
aa
impossible to tell given the information provided
All of the following are true regarding X-linked recessive inheritance EXCEPT
an affected father can pass the affected allele to his daughter
an affected mother cannot pass the affected allele to her son
a female can be a "carrier" and not actually be classified as "affected" since she doesn't have the disease herself
a male is either fully unaffected or fully affected and cannot be classified as a "carrier"
Human blood type would be an example of this mode of inheritance. Use the picture for reference.
multiple allele
polygenic
incomplete dominance
simple dominance
All of the following would be examples of traits controlled by polygenic inheritance EXCEPT
human height
human skin color
human blood type
human weight
How many different phenotypes would exist in trait that is controlled by incomplete dominance?
one
two
three
more than four
A heterozygous type A man has kids with a heterozygous type B woman. Which of the following blood types would NOT be possible to the couple to have?
IAIB (type AB)
IAi (type A)
IBi (type B)
ii (type O)
IAIA (type A)
A black chicken and a white chicken have a codominant pattern of inheritance which results in a checkered chicken. If two checkered chickens were to have chicks...what % chance would they have a white chick?
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Which two genes are most likely linked. (also most likely to be inherited together)
genes that are close together on the same chromosome
genes that are far apart on the same chromosome
genes that are close together, but on different chromosomes
genes that are far apart and on the different chromosome
meiosis results in
four genetically different gametes
two genetically different gametes
four genetically identical somatic cells
two genetically identical somatic cells
which one of the chromosome sets are diploid? (hint: count the centromeres to determine chromosome number)
only the pair on the left
only the pair on the right
neither are diploid
both are diploid
How can you tell if a cell is in meiosis I vs meiosis II?
homologous chromosomes only exist in meiosis I
homologous chromosomes only exist in meiosis II
What process is pictured here?
crossing over
separation of sister chromatid (anaphase II)
When does this process occur?
during all phases of mitosis
prophase I of meiosis
prophase II of meiosis
telophase I or meiosis
Which phase of meiosis is pictured?
anaphase I
anaphase II
metaphase I
metaphase II
Variation is generated by
production of haploid gametes during meiosis
mutations
random fertilization
all of these contribute to genetic variety in sexually reproducing organisms
If a chimpanzee has 48 chromosomes in its somatic cells. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in its gametes?
23
24
48
96
homologous chromosomes can be found during
meiosis I
mitosis
meiosis II
both rounds of meiosis
When does a cell first become haploid?
at the end of meiosis I
at the end of meiosis II
cells don't become haploid during meiosis at all...they do after mitosis though
meiosis results in four, _______________ cells and mitosis results in four, _________________ cells
genetically different, genetically identical
genetically identical, genetically different
genetically identical, genetically identical
genetically different, genetically different
somatic cells have ______ SET(S) of chromosomes and gametes have ______ SET(S) of chromosomes
one, two
two, one
three, six
four, two
Which parent has sex cells that determine the sex of the offspring in humans?
mother
father
50% of the time it is the mother and 50% of the time it is the father
neither. it is completely random and has more to do with the environment
______ produces cells with identical DNA (to the original cell)
meiosis
mitosis
both mitosis and meiosis
neither mitosis nor meiosis
Cells can differentiate through all of the following EXCEPT
chemical messages received from neighboring cells
differential expression of genes
epigenetics: methylation and acetylation
addition or deletion of DNA
Which of these occurs first in development?
fetus
gastrula
blastula
zygote
Which embryonic layer will form the bones, muscles, and circulatory system?
endoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm
microderm
Homeotic (hox) genes
direct formation of entire body segments during embryonic development
work by applying methyl groups to the DNA to silence certain segments of it
work by applying acetyl tags to the DNA to express certain segments of it
destroy the histone proteins which disrupt normal cell division and result in cancers
Which is most likely to occur due to an error during crossing over
deletions or duplications
nondisjunction of entire chromosomes in anaphase I
nondisjunction of entire chromosomes in anaphase II
decreased genetic variation
What is the correct analysis for this karyotype?
male with trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
female with trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
male with XXY (klinefelter syndrome)
female with XYY (jacob's syndrome)
nondisjunction would likely result in
a gamete with too few chromosomes
a gamete with too many chromosomes
either of these are possible results
Which is the correct order of embryonic developmental stages?
zygote, morula, blastula, gastrulation, organogenesis
zygote, blastula, morula, gastrulation, organogenesis
morula, zygote, gastrulation, blastula. organogenesis
gastrulation, zygote, morula, blastula, organogenesis
Which type of unspecialized stem cell has the potential to develop into any kind of cell
totipotent
pluirpotent
multipotent
omnipotent
In a population of 100 cats, black fur is dominant to white fur. 25 cats in this population have white fur. what is the frequency of the recessive, white allele in this population?
.5
.25
.6
.8
Before Darwin...which views did the majority of society hold?
Earth was around 5,000 years old
no species had ever gone extinct
life had remained unchanged since the beginning
all of these were beliefs at the time
Evidence for evolution can be found in studies of all of the following EXCEPT
biochemistry (DNA comparisons)
comparative embryology
the fossil record
comparative anatomy (vestigial & homologous structures)
verbal stories passed down from ancient ancestors
A bird, a whale, a human, and a cat all have homologous structure in their limbs. This suggests
the organisms probably never shared a common ancestor and developed similar structures by chance (parallel evolution)
the structures evolved together and now have similar functions (coevolution)
no common ancestor, but the structures developed in a similar fashion based on a shared environment (convergent evolution)
descent from a common ancestor with a similar structure that has been modified by different environments (divergent evolution)
Which is NOT needed for evolution to occur
variation in fitness
heritability (able to pass down traits to offspring)
more individuals produced than can survive
an organism acquiring traits during its lifetime
A bird of paradise has developed colorful feathers to attract a mate of the same species, but this also makes him more likely to be seen and eaten by predators. Which two opposing forces have worked together to result in this?
sexual selection and artificial selection
natural selection and artificial selection
natural selection and sexual selection
sexual selection and stabilizing selection
Which of these scientists did NOT propose that evolution occurred through natural selection
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Gregor Mendel
For a population to be in genetic equilibrium this must be true
allelic frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation
allelic frequencies in a population change slightly from generation to generation
allelic frequencies in a population vary significantly from generation to generation
none of these are true
all of the following would lead to evolution at the genetic level EXCEPT (hint: think 5 fingers of evolution)
mutations
small population size
no gene flow (no migration)
nonrandom mating (sexual selection)
natural selection
On a particular island it is an advantage if a bird has a long and narrow beak. Assuming the initial population has variation for beak length...the beak length would increase over time by __________ and would continue to be maintained after by ____________.
stabilizing selection, directional selection
disruptive selection, stabilizing selection
directional selection, disruptive selection
directional selection, stabilizing selection
Absolute dating has been used to suggest that the earth is around ________ years old
6,000
80,000
4.6 million
4.6 billion
What theory describes the formation of eukaryotic cells
endosymbiotic theory
oxygen theory of combustion
heliocentrism
special relativity
two populations of squirrels were separated from each other by a canyon. since there was a geographic barrier that prevented gene flow between the two populations...this type of speciation likely occurred
sympatric
allopatric
convergent
behavioral isolation
Rank these in order from latest to earliest (in the fossil record)
multicellular organisms, eukaryotes, photosynthetic prokaryotes, anaerobic prokaryotes
anaerobic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, photosynthetic prokaryotes, multicellular organisms
eukaryotes, photosynthetic prokaryotes, multicellular organisms, anaerobic prokaryotes
multicellular organisms, photosynthetic prokaryotes, anaerobic prokaryotes, eukaryotes
natural selection is
survival and reproduction of the largest and strongest organisms
survival and reproduction of the organisms best suited to their environment
the organisms that acquire the best traits to suit the environment
survival and reproduction of the smartest individuals in a population
All of the following are components of the natural selection theory EXCEPT
heritable variation exists in populations
competition for resources exists between organisms of the same species
individuals with favorable traits usually have the highest reproductive success
individuals must willingly adapt and evolve in response to a changing environment
all of these bird species share a common ancestor that lived in this group of small islands long ago. the descent from a common ancestor in this island setting is referred to as
adaptive radiation
convergent evolution
coevolution
parallel evolution
the lemur population on the left shows the starting population and the one on the right shows the population after their island habitat was polluted. which is the better explanation for how this happened?
the lemur fur turned dark in response to the darker environment so that they could hide from predators more easily
the lemurs displayed variation initially and the ones with darker fur were more likely to survive long enough to pass down their DNA in this new and darker environment
an island lizard population shows variation in tail length. after many generations there are less lizards with extremely long and extremely short tails. what kind of selection is displayed here?
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
artificial selection
Which biochemical evidence would suggest that all living organisms share a common ancestor?
all organisms construct protein using RNA, ribosomes, and the genetic code
all organisms use ATP as an energy carrier
all organisms carry genetic information in the form of DNA
all of these
Which is NOT evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce independently of their eukaryotic cell and make some of their own proteins
eukaryotic cells are older in the fossil record than prokaryotic cells
Which of the following was NOT included in information that Darwin used to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection?
Gregor Mendel's work with genetics
fossil record
comparisons of animal anatomy from islands
scientists' work with geology and the age of Earth
In a cat population most individuals have a long tail. A short tail is a very rare mutation that only a few individuals have. A farmer takes 10 cats from the much larger initial cat population to his farm in Louisiana to hunt mice. After a few generations most of the cats at his farm now have short tails. What is most likely responsible for this? (assume that the new environment is very similar to their old environment)
genetic drift: founder effect
having short tails is an advantage, so it was likely selected for
random mutations in each of the cats with short tails in the new population
genetic drift: bottleneck effect
two different species of frog live in the same area. species A actively mates March-May and species B actively mates June-July. what type of isolation maintains them as separate species?
temporal
behavioral
geographic
mechanical
Which is NOT required for speciation to occur?
reproductive isolation
genetic variety between the two populations
gene flow between the two populations
all of these are required
how is evolution defined at a genetic/population level?
change in alleic frequencies in an individual throughout their lifetime
mutations that lead to adaptations in an individual
change in allelic frequencies in a population over time
an organism modifying itself out of want or need to fit their environment in order to survive long enough to reproduce
which organism displays the HIGHEST fitness?
a flower that produces a scent that keeps potential pollinators away during its reproductive life cycle
a light-furred rabbit that lives near dark soil and rocks
a fly that looks like a bee and gets eaten less frequently by predators
a human male with a genetic disorder that will result in his death before the age of 15
natural selection acts directly on
genotypes
phenotypes
rank these in order of oldest to most recent in the fossil record
eubacteria, protista, animalia
animalia, protista, eubacteria
protista, animalia, eubacteria
eubacteria, animalia, protista
homologous structures (such as the limbs of humans and cats) have a similar anatomical arrangement. this suggests
convergent evolution
divergent evolution
parallel evolution
coevolution
which of the following represents the most specific/least broad group?
phylum
class
order
family
kingdom
which of the following options are most closely related according to this cladogram
cat and chimpanzee
viper and crocodile
frog and turtle
chimpanzee and human
which of these pairs are less closely related than the other three
horned dinos and domeheads
sauropods and prosauropods
other theropods and birds
armored dinos and sauropods
traditional (and often less accurate) classification emphasizes __________________ comparisons while modern (and more accurate) classification emphasizes _________________ comparisons.
physical trait, molecular (DNA)
molecular (DNA), physical trait
behavioral, physical trait
physical trait, behavioral
which domain should a unicellular organism be placed?
bacteria
eukarya
animalia
eubacteria
which of the following describes the effect of a biotic factor on an abiotic factor?
roots of a growing tree split the bedrock as they grow
climate determines the types of grass that can grow in an area
a drought causes a population of wildebeest to migrate west
the amount of sunlight available determines which flowers can thrive in a particular environment
decomposers are important to an ecosystem because
they prevent dead organic matter and waste from accumulating
they use energy from the sun to make nutrients for the rest of the ecosystem
they keep larger populations and around carrying capacity by eating the weaker organisms in a population
all of these are true
most populations in nature will level out around "C" in this graph. "C" represents
the carrying capacity
exponential growth of an invasive species
the number of individuals it takes to repopulate an area
density independent limiting factors
nitrogen can be "fixed" in each of the following ways EXCEPT
bacteria on the roots of some legumes
lightning
members of the animal kingdom
what do global climate change, loss of groundwater, dead zones in aquatic environments, and acid rain all have in common?
anthropogenic (human) causes
they are examples of the impacts that invasive species can have on an environment
they will happen once humans reach their carrying capacity
they don't impact humans
a rabbit that eats a plant is considered a ___________. what % of energy will the rabbit obtain from the plant?
primary producer, 10%
primary consumer, 10%
secondary consumer, 1%
secondary consumer 10%
all of the following are true about fossil fuels EXCEPT
they store carbon atoms
they were formed by ancient organisms with heat and pressure
types include coal, natural gas, and oil
their combustion has contributed to global climate change
there is an unlimited supply of fossil fuels remaining in the world
all of the following would keep a mouse population in check EXCEPT
limited food
predators
limited mates
density dependent factors
all of these would help establish carrying capacity
all of the following are density dependent factors EXCEPT
weather and natural disasters
availability of food
spread of disease
predation
which of the following is correct
the population of wolves must increase before the population of rabbits can
the populations do not impact each other
there are no other factors that might contribute to population size other than predation
the population of rabbits must increase before the population of wolves can
the cane toad was introduced to Australia to try and control the cane grub. the cane toad became an invasive species. all of the following were likely ways that it disrupted the local ecosystem EXCEPT
loss of biodiversity
disruption of the Australian food web
displacement of native species
decreased competition for native species
in the carbon cycle diagram arrows 2 and 4 represent
respiration
photosynthesis
combustion
decomposers
in this simplified food web...which of these represents an organism at the third trophic level?
rabbit
mouse
grass
snake
a disease kills most of the population of hawks one year. which of these would most likely occur next?
increase in grasshopper and mouse population. decrease in coyote population
decrease in grasshopper and mouse population. decrease in coyote population
decrease in grasshopper and mouse population. increase in coyote population
increase in vulture population and decrease in snake population
a native species would likely display ___________ growth and an invasive species would likely display ___________ growth
exponential, logistic
logistic, exponential
a bird benefits from receiving a nectar reward and the flower benefits from having a pollinator to help it reproduce sexually. this interaction is an example of
a mutualism
a commensalism
predation
parasitism
all energy in our ecosystem can be traced back to
the sun
consumers
producers
decomposers
energy __________ and matter _____________
cycles, flows
flows, cycles
the amount of life an ecosystem can support could be determined by which abiotic factors?
amount of water, soil, and sunlight
amount of wind and number of predators
food availability and amount of predators
climate, food availability, and amount of predators
how can the homeostasis of an ecosystem be negatively impacted?
invasive species
toxic chemicals getting into the water and animal tissue
habitat destruction
all of these would negatively impact the homeostasis of an ecosystem
