Vertebrates in the sarcopterygian lineage eventually became fully terrestrial. Three sets of

changes in this lineage promoted life on land. Two of these occurred early in the

Tetrapodomorpha and are found in all tetrapods. One of these occurred later within the

reptiliomorph branch of the tetrapodomorph lineage. Which one of the following is unique to

the reptiliomorph lineage?

Amphibians are the “canary in the coal mine” when it comes to monitoring threated species.

They are especially vulnerable to environmental threats. All of the following observations help

us understand their vulnerable status except one. Select the exception.

Larval amphibians are usually __________ in their feeding habits.

In anurans, long hind limbs and powerful muscles form an efficient __________ system for

jumping.

In their feeding habits, most adult amphibians are

The outermost structure of the ear of anuran amphibians is a/an

When the amphibians first moved onto land, there was

The ilium, ischium, and pubis comprise the __________ of amphibians.

A ventral plate of bone called the __________ is present in the anterior, ventral trunk region

of many amphibians. This plate provides support for the forelimbs and protection for internal

organs.

The sternum is reduced or absent in members of the order

Which of the following refers to 4-legged animals?

Caecilians belong to the amphibian order

Because amphibians depend on external sources of heat to maintain body temperatures, they

are said to be

Gas exchange across the skin is called

Pulmonary ventilation in amphibians with lungs is accomplished by

Unlike other vertebrates, amphibians have contractile vessels called lymphatic __________

that pump fluids through the lymphatic system.

Female salamanders have a special pouch, the __________, in which sperm are stored.

Fertilization is always internal in caecilians; larval stages are often

__________ is a series of abrupt structural, physiological, and behavioral changes that

transform a larval frog into an adult.

The __________ receives airborne vibrations and transmits them to the middle ear.

This type of organism has been implicated in the recent global decline of amphibians.

Members of the amphibian order Anura have the tail vertebrae fused into a rodlike

Frogs and toads belong to the amphibian order

Salamanders belong to the amphibian order

The Global Amphibian Assessment estimates that this fraction of amphibians are threatened

with extinction.

Which of the following has been suggested as a likely reason for global amphibian decline?

Larval stages of frogs and toads are usually referred to as

The ventricular septum of the heart is complete only in the _________ reptiles.

Most reptiles lack vocal cords; indeed, vocalizations are only important to

Lizards belong to the suborder

__________ are used to analyze odor molecules brought into a snake's mouth by its forked

tongue.

Reptiles that are usually solitary may migrate to common sites called __________ to spend

the winter.

The amniotic membranes may be considered to be a(n) __________ distinguishing reptiles,

birds, and mammals from other vertebrates.

According to cladistics interpretations, the traditional class Reptilia is a paraphyletic

assemblage because it excludes this group of animals.

Sea turtles utilize ________ as an aid to navigation to nesting beaches.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reptiles?

The synapsid lineage gave rise to

Venom glands of snakes are modified

Crocodilians are oviparous and display parental care of young that parallels that of

Reptiles have a skin with scales made of

The skin of reptiles

The tuatara belongs to the reptilian order

In the archosaur lineage, the evolution of the skull led to an elongated snout and the

formation of a _____________ that separates the nasal and mouth passageways. This

structure is best developed in modern crocodiles.

Snakes and lizards are superficially dissimilar. Which of the following is one reason that both

are classified in the order Squamata?

Tuataras have an extremely limited distribution; they are now limited only to a few islands off

the shore of

All modern reptiles (including birds) are members of the _______ lineage. They are derived

from ancestors that had upper and lower openings in the temporal region of the skull.

Early members of the reptiliomorph lineage were the first to produce

Worm lizards belong to the reptilian order

The __________ makes up the ventral portion of the turtle shell.

Turtles belong to the reptilian order

The dorsal portion of a turtle shell is called the

Most living nonavian reptiles are

Evidence seems to indicate that the feathered fossil form known as __________ was a glider

rather than using flapping flight.

The traditional classification system places birds in the class

In many birds, a diverticulum of the esophagus, the __________, can be used to store large

quantities of food.

Which of the following features of birds is NOT an adaptation for flight?

A type of flight commonly used by hummingbirds is __________ flight.

The __________ of most birds has a large, medial keel for attachment of flight muscles.

The wings of a bird function as a(n)

__________ refers to periodic round trips between breeding and non-breeding areas.

All birds are

A group of eggs laid by a female bird is called a

Some birds are helpless at hatching and are entirely dependent on their parents. Hatchlings

of this type are said to be

In __________ birds, the male mates with more than one female and the female provides

most of the care of the eggs and the chicks.

Albeit rare, a few bird species are ________________, in which females mate with more

than one male.

Over 90% of all birds are

Interpretations of the life-style of the fossilized theropods have been important in the

development of hypotheses on the

The voice box of birds is called the

Birds regulate their body temperatures at approximately

Ventilation in birds is accomplished by expansion and contraction of the

Hagfishes belong to the class

Fishes mostly regulate buoyancy by precisely regulating the volume of gas in the

Adult sea lampreys in the Great Lakes feed primarily on

Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the blood

and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as an/a __________

mechanism.

Which class contains the lampreys?

In lungfishes and Indian climbing perch, __________ function as lungs.

Some elasmobranchs and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the

gills by holding the mouth open. This is called __________ ventilation.

Fishes that migrate between freshwater and marine environments are said to be

Vascular folds in the epithelium of gill filaments are called

The vast majority of fish are

The modern bony fishes are the

Elasmobranchs have solved some of their osmoregulatory problems by

One hypothesis says that an extinct group called __________ are believed to have been the

ancestors of ancient amphibians.

The major osmoregulatory problems of saltwater fishes are

Members of the class __________ are sometimes called the ray-finned fishes.

A common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products is the

The closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates is probably

Which animals are not in the infraphylum Vertebrata?

Fishes WOULD NOT regulate their buoyancy by which of the following ways?

The lobe finned fishes, such as coelacanths, are found in the class

Which group of fishes does not have a cartilaginous skeleton?

Sharks, skates, and rays are in the class

The networks of capillaries that filter blood from the circulatory system into the tubular system

of the nephrons of fishes are the

Unlike other chondrichthians, the __________ have a gill cover called the operculum.

Osmoregulation is a major function of kidneys and __________ in fishes.

Lungfishes belong to the class

The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are

Sharks arose from early jawed fishes midway through the __________ period.

In the epidermis of fish skin, there are sensory pits that may be used for detecting currents;

these pits comprise the

In their feeding habits, the largest sharks are

A vascular network called the __________ secretes gases into the swim bladder.

The appearance of __________ is considered to be one of the major developments in

vertebrate evolution.

The semicircular canals of the inner ear of bony fish maintain

Some elasmobranchs, including hammerhead sharks, and guppies are

In sea stars, contraction of the __________ force water into the tube feet of the water vascular system.

Regeneration of lost parts of a sea star serves in

Which is the only class of echinoderms where the oral surface is not oriented to the

substrate?

Members of the echinoderm class __________ are called sea stars.

Members of the phylum __________ include acorn worms and pterobranchs

__________ function in cleaning the body surface of many sea stars.

The function of Aristotle's lantern is

In sea stars, the __________ surface is the upper surface of the animal and contains the

madreporite.

Sea stars typically feed

Which of the following is a characteristic of animals in the phylum Hemichordata?

The echinoderms and hemichordates are

Modern adult echinoderms have a form of symmetry known as

The __________ serves as an inlet into the water vascular system.

In the sea stars, a(n) __________ groove runs along the underside of each arm.

Sea cucumbers belong to the echinoderm class

Many echinoderms from this class produce toxins in their body walls that discourage

predators.

The madreporite in sea cucumbers is

Sea cucumbers respire using

Some sea cucumbers have special tubules of the respiratory tree that contains sticky

secretions and toxins and can be everted through the anus; these are called __________

tubules.

Sea lilies and feather stars belong to the echinoderm class

The echinoderms that most closely resemble fossil forms are the

Attached crinoids are called

Sea daisies were formerly assigned to a class of their own. They have been recently

assigned to the echinoderm class

Basket stars and brittle stars belong to the echinoderm class

The __________ are found on the oral surface of the arms of the sea star and house the tube

feet.

When feeding on a bivalve, a sea star everts the _______ from its body.

If a brittle star is grasped by an arm, certain muscles may contract to serve and cast off the

arm in a process called

Sea urchins and sand dollars belong to the echinoderm class

The skeleton of sea urchins consists of ten sets of closely fitting plates and is called a(n)

Which of the following echinoderms may contain venom dangerous to humans?

In chordates, the __________ is a dorsal rod, with a sheath of connective tissue, functioning

in support.

Tentacles, known as __________ surround the oral hood of the cephalochordate.

In chordates, _______ are a series of openings that may function in filter feeding or as the

location of gills.

Which of the following is not one of the five characteristics seen in all chordates at some

time in their life history?

Development in the tunicates involves a __________ larval stage.

Fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all members of the subphylum

Terrestrial vertebrates made their appearance approximately 400 million years ago, near the

end of this period:

Members of the subphylum Cephalochordata are called

The cavity surrounding the pharynx of a tunicate is called the