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WorksheetsBioChem 1360: Unit 2
Total questions: 154
Worksheet time: 2hrs 55mins
___ ______:
- separates and isolates the cell from its surroundings
- acts as a barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell
- selectively permeable; allows certain nutrients in and waste out of the cell
- composed mainly of phospholipids that form into an arrangement that has a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior (lipid bilayer)
(a)
____ _____:
- provides a hydrophobic barrier between exterior and interior aqueous environments
- consists of phospholipids (polar heads and nonpolar tails), proteins, and cholesterol
(a)
What are the membrane proteins?
Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
____ ____ extends through the entire bilayer
(a)
____ ____ are found on either side of the bilayer and is attached to either integral proteins or phospholipids
(a)
Carbohydrates are always found on the (a) surface and are bounded to either lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins)
Cholesterol...
attached between phospholipids and between the 2 phospholipid layers
influences the fluidity of the membrane
increases lipid-packing density by restricting the passage of molecules
makes you skinny
The ___ ___ ___ is a phospholipid bilayer with various molecules embedded within and floating between the layers
(a)
Passive Transport
selectively permeable
goes from high to low concentration
A naturally occuring phenomenon
does not require energy to move molecules
TRUE or FALSE: Smaller and nonpolar molecules cross more easily than larger polar/ionic molecules
TRUE
FALSE
Diffusion
a passive transport process
moves from high to low concentration until the concentration is equal across space
small molecules are able to diffuse through a cell membrane (O2 and CO2)
spontaneous
____ ____ is a process in which molecules are transported across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins
(a)
Facilitated Transport uses:
Pumps
Channels
Carrier Proteins
Transport Proteins
TRUE or FALSE: Channels are specific for the substance that is being transported
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: Channels and Transport/Carrier Proteins require energy to move substances
TRUE
FALSE
Which mode of transportation changes shape to move substances?
Pumps
Channels
Transport/Carrier Proteins
___ ___ is a movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (low to high) facilitated by ATP conversion
(a)
TRUE or FALSE: the electrochemical gradient is the difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane
TRUE
FALSE
What are the 3 types of Pumps?
Uniport
Antiport
USBport
Symport
TRUE or FALSE: The 3 types of pumps require energy
TRUE
FALSE
(a) carries one specific ion or molecule
(a) carries 2 different ions or molecules in the same direction
(a) carries 2 different ions or molecules in different directions
(a) is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in a concentration gradient
TRUE or FALSE: Osmosis moves from high to low concentration
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: Tonicity is directly related to the osmolarity of a solution by determining the direction of water flow
TRUE
FALSE
Hypotonic...
Water enters (swells)
- concentration decreases
Water leaves (shrivels)
- concentration increases
Normal flow of water
- same osmotic pressure
Hypertonic
Water leaves (shrivels)
-concentration increases
Water enters (swells)
- concentration decreases
Normal
- same osmotic pressure
Isotonic...
Water enters (swells)
- concentration decreases
Normal
- same osmotic pressure
Water leaves (shrivels)
- concentration increases
TRUE or FALSE: a cell is the smallest unit of a living thing and is the basic building block of all organisms
TRUE
FALSE
What is the right order of living systems?
1. Cells
2. Organs
3. Tissues
4. Organism
5. Organ System
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 2, 5, 4
5, 1, 3, 2, 4
1, 4, 5, 3, 2
(a) are small cells in the domains of Bacteria and Archaea that do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
(a) are larger cells with a membrane-bounded nucleus (contains genetic material) and numerous organelles with specific functions
(a) is a specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process
What are 3 advantages for Eukaryotes?
functions as a part of a larger organism (exports useful proteins)
small size allows ions and organic molecules to quickly diffuse to other parts of the cell
communicates to other cells
compartmentalization adds complexity with growing size
What are disadvantages of Prokaryotes?
Has one piece of DNA
Mutates and reproduces very fast (cancer cells)
DNA is unprotected
Requires energy
Cellular (a) is the way organelles in Eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell inorder to perform their specific function effciently
The (a) provides a barrier to the outside environment
The (a) houses the cells DNA & directs synthesis of proteins and ribosomes (chromatin)
(a) translate mRNA into specific protein sequence
The (a) is responsible for ATP production and is the site of oxidative catabolism
The (a) is responsible for the cells shape, motility, and anchoring organelles
The ____ ____ is the organelle that is physically connected to the nuclear membrane
(a)
The ____ ____ is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins and lipids leaving and entering cells
(a)
The (a) is comprised of globular actin proteins
The (a) contains H2O2 to break down fats and proteins
(a) forms fibrous tracks for the movement of vesicles
The (a) consists of the cytosol and organelles
Intermediate filaments help in resisting tension and holds the (a) together (keratin/collagen)
Kinesin...
a type of motor protein
uses ATP reaction as its force
composed of a tail, stalk, and head
"walks" on microtubule track
(a) is the transformation of energy in living cells (organisms) through cellular processes that build or break down complex molecules through step-by-step chemical reactions (metabolism)
What is Kinetic energy
energy associated with objects in motion
energy associated with an object's potential to do work
the energy released from the break down of chemical bonds that can be used for metabolic processes
useable energy that is available to do work after entropy is accounted for
What is Potential energy
the energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds that can be used for metabolic processes
energy associated with an object's in motion
energy associated with an object's potential to do work
useable energy that is available to do work after entropy is accounted for
What is Chemical energy?
usable energy that is available to do work after entropy is accounted for
energy associated with an object's potential to do work
energy associated with an object in motion
the energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds that can be used for metabolic processes
What is Free Energy
usable energy that is available to do work after entropy is accounted for
energy associated with an object in motion
energy associated with the potential to do work
energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds that can be used for metabolic processes
Entropy...
Anabolic Reactions
- requires energy
-▲S
Exergonic Reaction
- spontaneous
- energy is released
▲G<0
Catabolic Reactions
- releases energy
+▲S
Endergonic Reaction
- nonspontaneous
- energy is added
▲G>0
Enthalpy...
Endothermic Reactions breakdown bonds with an input of energy
(+▲H)
Anabolic Reactions
- requires energy
Exothermic Reactions forms bonds with releasing energy
(-▲H)
Catabolic Reactions
- releases energy
Gibbs Free Energy...
Exothermic forms bonds with releasing energy
Exergonic is spontaneous when energy is released
(▲G<0)
Endothermic bonds break with added energy input
Endergonic is nonspontaneous when energy is added
(▲G>0)
▲G = ▲H - T▲S is the equation for ___ ___ ___
(a)
Spontaneous Reactions...
products have lower enthalpy than reactants
heat is released
-▲H
products are more disordered than reactants
entropy increases
+▲S
when G is less than 0, the reaction is spontaneous
(a) is the total network of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms
Anabolism
builds complex molecules from simpler ones with an input of energy (-▲S)
breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones to produce ATP (+▲S)
Catabolism
builds complex molecules from simpler ones with an input of energy (-▲S)
breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones to produce ATP (+▲S)
What happens when a cell reaches equilibrium
it catabolizes
it reproduces
it dies
it regulates temperature with released heat
TRUE or FALSE: Chemical equilibrium is never reached because of its "open system" nature, it constantly requires energy in order to produce ATP
TRUE
FALSE
____ ____ is the regulation of metabolic processes to maintain the constant, stable internal environment that is required for survival
(a)
____ ____ is where the oxidization state of a molecule is either increased (oxidized) or decreased (reduced)
(a)
TRUE or FALSE: Oxidation and Reduction occur together
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: Reduced carbon compounds have higher potential energy than oxidized carbon compounds
TRUE
FALSE
ATP...
undergoes a very favorable hydrolysis reaction to produce ADP and Pi
(catabolic reaction)
"energy currency" of the cell
transfers the free Pi to other molecules to 'activate' it
is required for all processes
Inorganic Phosphate...
changes the mechanical work
addition of phosphate can "raise" the chemical potential of another molecule
attachment of the phosphate can make a protein do something it wouldn't normally do
deactivates molecules
RH + NAD+ ---> NADH + R
Which is the reducing agent?
Which is the oxidizing agent?
Reducing: NAD+
Oxidizing: RH
Reducing: NADH
Oxidizing: RH
Reducing: RH
Oxidizing: NAD+
Reducing: R
Oxidizing: RH
RH + NAD+ ---> NADH + R
Which is reduced?
Which is oxidized?
Reduced: NADH
Oxidized: R
Reduced: R
Oxidized: NADH
(a) are biomolecule catalysts that increase reaction rates of spontaneous reactions without being consumed
Enzymes...
are not permanently changed by the reaction and can act over and over
has greater reaction specificity
(avoids undesired side products)
lives in mild conditions (pH ~7 & 37º)
has higher reaction rates (biologically useful timeframes)
has the capacity for regulation (control of biological pathways)
TRUE or FALSE: Enzymes selectively chooses one pathway out of all the possible ones
TRUE
FALSE
Sometimes a ____ (metal ion) or a ____ (an organic molecule) is required for an enzyme to function
Coenzyme, Cofactor
Cofactor, Coenzyme
What do enzymes interact with?
Products
Reactants
(a) Reactions occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system
What does Coupled Reactions do?
helps reactions go faster
releases energy in one reaction and stores it in another
balances anabolism and catabolism
uses ATP
Acceleration Mechanisms by Enzymes
1. Brings reactants together and orients them optimally for reaction
2. Creates structures that are preferred for reactants to make it easier to get to its final structure
3. Providing chemical groups to nudge the electronic structure of the reactants toward the electronic structure of the products
What is the correct order?
3, 2, 1
1, 3, 2
1, 2, 3
2, 1, 3
Which is NOT one of the 6 Classes of Enzymes
Isomerases
Oxidoreductases
Ligases
Lipases
Hydrolases
Which is NOT an enzyme of Lyases?
Dehydrases
Decarboxylases
Carboxylases
Synthases
Which is NOT an enzyme of Hydrolases
Lipases
Ligases
Proteases
Nucleases
TRUE or FALSE: Most enzymes are regulated so that the enzyme activity can be adjusted as needed
TRUE
FALSE
(a) can change an enzymes activity
Negative regulators (a) enzyme activity
Positive regulators (a) enzyme activity
Competitive Inhibition...
the inhibitor molecule has a similar shape and structure as the substrate
the inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme
competes with a substrate
binds to the enzyme active site so the substrate is blocked
Noncompetitive Inhibition...
affects the maximal rate
binds to an allosteric site
changes shape of the enzyme
the enzyme is still able to bind to the enzyme but the enzyme is no longer in optimal position to catalyze the reaction
(a) are transferases that add Pi groups
(a) are hydrolases that remove Pi groups
(a) is the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar, glucose, to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source
Where does glycolysis take place?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
ER
What are the 2 major stages of Glycolysis?
1. Energy Investment Phase
1. ATP Reduction Phase
2. Energy Generating Phase
2. ATP Anaerobic Phase
What phase requires the input of 2 ATP, phosphorylates glucose, splits 1 glucose to 2 3-carbon molecules
Energy Generating Phase
Energy Investment Phase
What phase completes the conversion of pyruvate, produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates
Energy Investment Phase
Energy Generating Phase
What is the net reaction of Glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate & 2 H2O
2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate
What is the net energy of Glycolysis?
4 ATP
2 ATP
TRUE or FALSE: Glycolysis's overall reaction is
1 Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2 ATP
TRUE
FALSE
What are the substrates of Glycolysis?
C6H12O6
NADH
NAD+
ADP
PI
What are the products of Glycolysis?
NADH
H+
ATP
C3H4O3
Which is NOT a fate of glucose?
immediate use to produce ATP molecules
storage for later ATP production
builds other macromolecules
denaturizes to form starch
TRUE or false: The steps of Glycolysis is:
1. Phosphorylation
2. Isomerization
3. Phosphorylation
4. Cleavage
5. Isomerization
6. Oxidation and Phosphorylation
7. Phosphoryl Transfer
8. Isomerization
9. Dehydration
10. Phosphorylation
TRUE
if you click this you are literally going to fail because its literally the answer
Why does Glycolysis involve a lot of steps?
Because it can
so it does not release all its energy at once (combustion)
allows for greater efficiency for the energy that it needs
our teachers/professors think its going to help us in the future if we memorize the steps
(a) occurs when cells do not receive enough oxygen and pyruvate remains in the cytoplasm; NAD+ is continuously consumed
In fermentation, pyruvate gains H+ from NADH... this means that NADH is ____ to form NAD+
oxidized
reduced
Fermentation in humans leads to ____
fructase
lactase
alcohol
ether
Fermentation in microorganisms leads to ____ (converts sugar to alcohol)
lactase
milktase
ethanol
alcohol
The ____ ____ ____ is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide
(a)
Coenzyme A...
allows pyruvate to be oxidized by NAD+
forms acetyl CoA and CO2
the acetyl group reacts with the sulfhydryl end
forms the thioester bond in acetyl CoA
Where can acetyl CoA come from?
glycolysis
lipid oxidation
amino acid catabolism
fatty acid oxidation
Products of CAC are:
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP
Which of the CAC products continue on to the Electron Transport Chain?
NADH
CO2
FADH2
GTP
____ ____ is the metabolic pathway in which electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors in redox reactions; it is the series of reactions that releases energy which is used to form ATP
(a)
TRUE or FALSE: Oxidative Phosphorylation is the final component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses oxygen
TRUE
FALSE
How many protein complexes are involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation?
2
4
5
3
Complex (a) establishes the hydrogen ion gradient by pumping 4 H ions across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space
Complex (a) pumps protons through the membrane and passes its electrons to the cytochrome c for transport to the 4th complex of proteins and enzymes
Complex (a) receives FADH2, which bypasses C1, and delivers electrons directly to the ETC
Complex (a) reduces oxygen then picks up 2 H ions to make H2O
Which complex accepts the NADH electron (H+) to produce NAD+
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
Which complex accepts electrons from Q (two at a time)
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
Which complex accepts the electrons from FADH2 (2 H+) to produce FAD
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
(a) (_) accepts the electrons from C1 and C2 and delivers them to C3
- inside the membrane
- associated with the membrane because of its hydrophobic tail
(a) _ picks up electrons and moves them from C3 to C4
- accepts 1 electron at a time
- outside the membrane
What are the reactants of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
8 NADH
2 ATP
6 O2
4 FADH2
TRUE or FALSE: All the reactants are reduced
TRUE
FALSE
What are the products of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
32 ATP
8 NAD+
4 FAD+
6 H2O
TRUE or FALSE: All products are oxidized
TRUE
FALSE
ATP Synthase...
a complex molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient
turns ADP to ATP
forms ATP from ADP and Pi
moves protons from low to high concentration
Which of the Glucose Metabolism pathways is in the mitochondrial matrix?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which of the Glucose Metabolism pathways is in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which of the Glucose Metabolism pathways is in the inner mitochondrial matrix?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which of the Glucose Metabolism pathways is anaerobic?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What are the benefits of anaerobic reactions?
quicker ATP
no oxygen needed
requires oxygen
fermentation
Aerobic Reactions....
quicker ATP
more ATP
oxygen needed
longer process
(a) is the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules
What are the stages of Catabolism?
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chains
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Digestion
Digestion...
the smallest molecules get broken down first
(monomer to polymer)
the most complex molecules get broken down first
(polymer to monomer)
involves:
- triacylglycerols
- carbohydrates
- proteins
fatty acids and glycerol, monosaccharides, amino acids
Where is the majority of ATP made?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain
Citric Acid Cycle
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process which glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate precursors... which are TRUE
anabolic process
located in the liver
requires H2O
the reverse of glycolysis
Fatty Acid Oxidation...
involved a repeated sequence of reactions that result in the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
occurs in the mitochondria
Beta oxidation produces 2 carbons as acetyl Co-A and generates 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
1 round = 2 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 FADH2
(always 1 less than acetyl CoA made)
Palmitic Acid (C16)...
How many acetyl CoA are made?
4
6
8
9
Palmitic Acid (C16)...
How many NADH and FADH2 are made?
4
8
9
7
Palmitic Acid (C16)....
How many rounds of Beta oxidation occurs?
7
4
9
8
Ketone Bodies...
converts CoA from Fatty acid oxidation
an essential role as an energy source during starvation
produced by the liver
occurs during conditions with low glucose and high circulating free fatty acids
TRUE or FALSE: Amino Group Metabolism is metabolized in the liver and excess NH4+ is converted to glutamate and is disposed of as urea
TRUE
FALSE
Which is NOT true about Carbon Skeleton Breakdown
Some amino acids are broken down to pyruvate
Some amino acids are broken down to acetyl CoA
Some amino acids form glucose
Other molecules are broken down to intermediates of the Citric Acid Cycle
What is NOT a source of energy for the body?
Glucose
Fatty Acids
Proteins
Ketone Bodies
Lactose
The body uses ____ and ____ as sources of energy before proteins and ketone bodies because they come from the muscle
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Carbohydrates
Ketone Bodies
Insulin...
a hormone secreted from the pancreas
occurs when blood glucose is elevated
stimulates the synthesis of glucose, TAGs, and proteins
turns off gluconeogenesis
Glucagon...
a hormone secreted from the pancreas
stimulates the synthesis of stored glucose
occurs when blood glucose is low
promotes gluconeogenesis
What happens when diabetes is untreated?
increased fatty acid metabolism and ketosis
hyperglycemia
leads to high blood glucose
stress the liver and kidneys
