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WorksheetsLymphatics & Immunity
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 45mins
Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?
Perforin
Pyrogen
Defensins
Interferon
Complement
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
Cellular immunity attacks foreign or diseased cells whereas humoral immunity uses antibodies to defend against future exposures.
Cellular immunity utilizes B lymphocytes while humoral immunity utilizes T lymphocytes.
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
Neither defends against bacteria.
Cellular immunity produces antibodies while humoral immunity uses perforins.
Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?
Bursa of Fabricius
Red bone marrow
Tonsil
Thymus
Spleen
Which of the following properties distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity? Check all that apply.
Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.
The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed.
Adaptive immunity utilizes broad-range barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
When re-exposed to a pathogen, there is usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.
Adaptive immunity utilizes immune surveillance.
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called __________.
adaptive immunity
the second line of defense
nonspecific defense
a natural barrier
the first line of defense
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding failures of self-tolerance? Check all that apply.
Antibodies not only react against a pathogen but also against the bodies own cells.
Upon exposure, antibodies may form against normal cells that blood does not usually become exposed to.
Viruses may change the structure of self-antigens and cause the immune system to perceive them as foreign.
During anaphylaxis, allergens mimic normal cells and 'trick' the immune system into making autoantibodies.
Autoantibodies are introduced to the blood via transfusion.
Which of the following is considered a lymphatic cell? Check all that apply.
T lymphocytes
Delta lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
If a person is sick with the common cold on May 1st, gets well, and then memory cells are exposed to the same virus on May 31st, what would the person's symptoms most likely be?
No symptoms at all
Mild common-cold symptoms
Flu-like symptoms
More severe symptoms as the colds "piggy back" on each other
Same symptoms as on May 1st
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
B cells
Plasma cells
Macrophages
T cells
NK cells
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system? Check all that apply.
Recover fluid from the interstium to the blood plasma
Remove foreign matter from fluid before returning it to the bloodstream
Secrete lipid soluble hormones
Absorb dietary lipids
Absorb dietary proteins
All of the following processes can be activated by complement except __________.
inflammation
antibody production
cytolysis
opsonization
None of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is true regarding opsonization?
It is a membrane attack complex lysing a bacterium by making a hole in its membrane.
It is when complement causes inflammation to occur.
It is when the nine complement factors cascade in order.
It is the coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis.
It is when a hapten binds to an antigen and causes an allergic reaction.
Complement factors C5b+C6+C7+C8 make up a membrane attack complex that results in __________.
enhanced phagocytosis
opsonization
cytolysis
the release of granzymes
the release of interferons
Complement factors are named in the order in which they function.
True
False
In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex.
True
False
Which of the following sequences for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is correct?
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fuse with a Golgi vesicle containing class-II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class-I MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class-II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class-II MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class-I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
Which of the following sequences for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is correct?
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fuse with a Golgi vesicle containing class-II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class-I MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class-II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class-II MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class-I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
Foreign antigens presented on class-I MHC molecules __________.
stimulate other immune-system cells to respond to the antigen
stimulate macrophages to respond to the antigen
stimulate cell destruction by macrophages
stimulate cell destruction by activated T-cells
are not recognized by the T-cells and do not stimulate cell destruction
Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.
True
False
Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.
True
False
Which of the following is true regarding antigens?
They have molecular weights of around 1000.
They have one antigenic determinant (epitope).
They are considered normal by the immune system.
They can contain many different antigenic determinants (epitopes).
They are usually made of lipids.
Which of the following is true regarding bacterial cells?
They have one identifiable antigen that binds to antibodies.
They have two epitopes per cell.
They have many different epitopes which each bind to specific antibodies.
They have many different epitopes which all bind to the same antibody.
They are not antigenic.
An individual antibody is made against __________.
a whole bacterial cell
one epitope of an antigen
one antigen on the cell
all of the combined antigenic determinants on a cell
the cell's DNA
Each antigen has one epitope.
True
False
Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.
True
False
Which of the following is true when interferon attaches to a cell?
The virus can not enter the cell.
The virus can enter the cell but can not replicate.
The virus can replicate within a cell but can not be released.
Viral replication takes place as usual.
The virus is brought into the cell where it is digested by peroxisomes.
When interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell, _________.
the recipient cell makes enzymes that prevent cell metabolism
the second cell now makes interferon and saves itself
the recipient cell is able to kill bacteria
the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis
the recipient cell secretes enzymes that destroy the donor cell
Which of the following is true regarding interferon?
Interferon is produced as a specific response to a specific virus.
Interferon is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type.
Interferon is able to save the cell that makes it.
Interferon induces production of mRNA in the recipient cell.
Interferon kills all bacteria nonspecifically.
Which of the following statements about complement protein C1 is not true?
Complement protein C1 participates in the classical pathway of complement activation.
Complement protein C1 is composed of three subunits: q, r, and s.
Complement protein C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b.
Complement protein C1 cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b.
None of the choices listed are false.
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they first appear in the alternative pathway of complement activation.
1. Factor B
2. Factor D
3. C3
1, 2, 3
2, 1, 3
2, 3, 1
3, 2, 1
3, 1, 2
Which of the following is a C5 convertase?
C4b2b
C4a2a
C4b3b
C4b2b3b
C4b2bBb
In the beginning of the complement fixation test, __________.
a patient's serum is heated to destroy complement, and a measured amount of complement and antigen is added
a patient's serum is heated to destroy complement, and a measured amount of complement and antibody is added
a patient's serum is heated to destroy antibodies, and a measured amount of complement and antibody is added
the amount of complement in the patient's blood is measured as an indicator for the presence of infection
a patient's serum is heated to activate the compliment system
Which of the following is true regarding the complement fixation test?
Red blood cells lyse if the patient has antigen being tested for.
Red blood cells lyse if the patient has antibody being tested for.
Red blood cells settle to the bottom if the patient has antibody being tested for.
Red blood cells settle to the bottom if the patient has antigen being tested for.
Red blood cells undergo hemagglutination and float to the surface.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient's results from the complement fixation test?
A patient positive for the disease will show an increase in complement in his blood and thus give a positive test.
A patient positive for the disease will show a decrease in complement in his blood and thus give a positive test.
All patients have equal amounts of complement in their serum.
Patients differ in the amount of complement naturally found in their serum.
The type of complement found in a patient can vary widely depending on their genetic background.
Which of the following statements is not true of the hepatitis B vaccine?
It is a recombinant vaccine.
It is a form of subunit vaccine.
It consists of an internal protein from the virus.
It is produced in a host yeast cell.
All of the statements listed are true.
The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely __________.
a killed vaccine
an attenuated vaccine
a subunit vaccine
a recombinant vaccine
a conjugated vaccine
A subunit vaccine is composed of __________.
microorganisms that have been killed by heat
microorganisms that have been killed by chemicals
microorganisms that have been weakened by radiation
microorganisms that are attenuated
purified parts of a microorganism
People with type AB blood have __________.
both type A and type B antigens on their red blood cells
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their serum
the A antigen on their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their serum
The first and second choices are both correct answers.
None of the choices are correct answers.
When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, __________.
the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient
the B antigen from the recipient reacts with anti-B antibody in the donor
the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient
the A antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient
no reaction occurs
Which type of blood may a person with type AB blood receive?
Type A blood
Type B blood
Type AB blood
Type O blood
All of the choices are correct answers.
Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells?
Class-II MHCs
Self proteins
Antibodies, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
Perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
MAC complexes
Which of the following is true regarding infected cells?
They display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface.
They have class-II MHC antigens on their cell surface.
They are not affected by T cells.
They lyse T cells.
They send out interleukins to attract eosinophils to the area.
Cytotoxic T cells recognize __________.
receptors on B cells
fragments of self proteins of infected cells
viral antigens and class-I MHC
viral antigens and class-II MHC
All of these choices are correct answers.
On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells __________.
become activated and increase in number
cause inflammation
cause skin lesions
attract more macrophages
activate natural killer cells
When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they __________.
lyse cells using perforin
release cytokines which attract more macrophages
make antibodies
kill macrophages
use granzymes to induce apotosis
When do skin lesions due to hypersensitivity appear?
24 hours after the first exposure to the antigen
48–72 hours after the first exposure to the antigen
24 hours after the second exposure to the antigen
3 weeks after the second exposure to the antigen
48–72 hours after the second exposure to the antigen
Which viral receptor is involved in HIV attachment to the host cell?
Gp41
Gp120
P24
P17
All of these choices are correct answers.
In order for HIV to attach, the host cell must have a __________.
CD4 antigen receptor and a cell specific co-receptor
gp120 receptor
CD4 receptor and a nonspecific universal receptor
CD8 receptor and a specific co-receptor
MHC II receptor and a nonspecific universal receptor
Which of the following statements is true regarding protease enzyme?
Protease enzyme makes DNA from single-stranded RNA.
Protease enzyme integrates viral DNA into a host genome.
Protease enzyme cleaves poly-protein into individual functional viral proteins.
Protease enzyme helps the virus attach to the host cell.
Protease enzyme cleaves host proteins into individual amino acids.
The HIV protein that is involved in attachment of the virus to host cells is called __________.
reverse transcriptase
gp120
CD4
CCR-5
CXCR-4
Which HIV enzyme makes a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral genome?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Endonuclease
Gyrase
The type of cells infected by HIV are __________ early in the course of an infection and __________ late in the infection.
helper T cells; cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells; macrophages
macrophages; cytotoxic T cells
macrophages; helper T cells
macrophages; helper B cells
Which of the following is not necessary for IgE mediated hypersensitivity?
Antigen presenting cells
B cells
IgE antibodies
Mast cells
Neutrophils
IgE molecules attach to __________.
mast cells via their variable region
mast cells by their constant region
T helper cells by their variable region
plasma cells by their constant region
cytotoxic T cells by their TCR
Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except __________.
capillary dilation
airway constriction
high fever
mucus secretion
itching
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during an allergic response.
1 = Individual experiences symptoms
2 = Individual is sensitized to antigen
3 = IgE attaches to mast cells
4 = Antigen binds to IgE
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 3, 4, 2
2, 3, 1, 4
2, 3, 4, 1
2, 4, 3, 1
Which of the following statements is true regarding a hypersensitivity reaction?
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place during the first exposure to an antigen.
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place during a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen.
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place in individuals with diseases of the immune system.
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place only in children.
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place only in individuals with asthma.
Which of the following is not triggered by the inflammation response?
Dilation of capillaries
Constriction of airways
Inhibition of mucus
Pain
Itching
Immune complexes consist of __________.
antibody plus complement
basophil plus complement
antigen plus antibody
antigen plus complement
hapten plus antibody
Which of the following is true regarding intermediate size complexes?
They become basophils.
They activate complement.
They are removed by phagocytosis.
They degranulate.
They induce apoptosis.
In the presence of activated complement, neutrophils __________.
are repelled
produce histamine
degranulate and release enzymes that cause tissue damage
cause vasodilation
are easily opsonized
Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response.
1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium
2. Integrin activation
3. Margination
1, 2, 3
2, 1, 3
2, 3, 1
3, 2, 1
3, 1, 2
During the inflammatory response __________ degranulate and release __________.
endothelial cells; cytokine
endothelial cells; histamine
endothelial cells; chemotactine
mast cells; cytokine
mast cells; histamine
Which of the following terms describes the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels?
Degranulation
Dilatation
Extravasation
Neutrophilisation
None of these choices are correct answers.
Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?
Macrophages
B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
All of these choices are correct answers.
Macrophages and B cells
Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________.
antigens only
MHC proteins only
antigen-MHC protein complexes
either antigens or MHC proteins
neither antigens nor MHC proteins
Helper T cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.
antigens
antibodies
cytokines
agglutinins
allergens
Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T cell dependent antigens?
Antigen presenting cell
T helper cell
B cell and T helper cell
B cell
All of these choices are correct answers.
An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell __________.
inside a vesicle
on its surface on a class-I MHC
on its surface on a class-II MHC
on its surface attached to an antibody
on its CD8 receptor
A T helper cell becomes activated by a(n) __________.
plasma cell
antigen presenting cell
B cell
memory cell
mast cell
What are the lymphatic system's main functions?
Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery
Immunity, absorption of proteins, fluid recovery
Immunity, absorption of proteins, lipid recovery
Vitamin-D synthesis, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery
Absorption of vitamin-D, immunity, lipid synthesis
Aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes are called __________.
lymph organs
marrow
reticular tissue
lymphatic tissues
None of the choices are correct.
What are mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues?
Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
Aggregates of macrophages located in the intestines
Clusters of splenocytes located in the lamina propria of mucous membranes
Clumps of mucous lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
Lymphatic tissues that produce mucus
What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
Thymus
Pharyngeal tonsil
Axillary lymph node
Liver
What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?
External barriers
Leukocytes and macrophages
Specific defenses
Natural killer cells
Complement and interferons
Which proteins found in blood are involved in the innate immunity against pathogens?
Complement
Albumin
Fibrin
Collagen
Perforin
Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?
Specificity
Memory
Immunity
Plasticity
Complementarity
When the oil urushiol from the poison ivy plant is absorbed through the skin, it oxidizes and forms a substance called quinone. Quinone reacts with skin proteins creating a complex that now triggers an immune response. Quinone is an example of a(n) __________.
hapten
interleukin
artificial passive response
antigen-presenting cell
leukotriene
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?
Antigen-presenting cell
Naive T lymphocyte
Effector T lymphocyte
Anergic cell
Reticular cell
Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
Cytotoxic T cell
Helper T cell
Regulatory T cell
Memory T cell
Suppressor T cell
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus, is a systemic disease in which the body's immune cells begin producing antibodies that attack the body's healthy tissues instead of just foreign invaders in the body. The result could be pain, inflammation, and tissue damage in various parts of the body. Which of the following T lymphocytes may be malfunctioning to trigger the events that cause a disease like lupus?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Memory T cells
None of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements is true about memory cells? Check all that apply.
Memory cells are mature monocytes.
Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells.
Upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T-cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly.
The action of memory cells is the reason why we can get some diseases more than once.
There are far fewer memory cells than naive T cells.
Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?
Humoral
Cell mediated
Nonspecific
Complement-mediated
Lymphatic
Which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity? Check all that apply.
Memory lasts longer in humoral immunity than in cellular immunity.
Memory B cells attack the antigen directly without the need to form plasma cells.
Memory B cells are found mainly in the lymph nodes.
Plasma cells form within hours, creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of illness appear.
When memory B cells attack an antigen, it is called the "primary response".
A severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen within seconds of exposure is called __________.
anaphylaxis
type-II hypersensitivity
cell-mediated immunity
type-III hypersensitivity
immune complex hypersensitivity
What is artificial active immunity?
Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen
Acquiring one's own immunity against a naturally acquired pathogen
Receiving another person's or animal's antibodies against a pathogen
Receiving another person's antibodies against a naturally acquired pathogen
Receiving another person's antigens against an artificial pathogen
