LNT in the Outdoor and Adventure Education stands for________________ Principles.

Leave No Trace Principle 1: _____________.

Leave No Trace Principle 5: _____________.

Leave No Trace Principle 7: _____________.

1. The goal of travel in the outdoors is to move through natural areas while avoiding damage to the land or waterways. Understanding how travel causes impacts is not that necessary to accomplish this goal.

___________ refers to the ability of surfaces or vegetation to withstand wear or remain in a stable condition.

Camp in areas where wood is insufficient if building a fire. Choose to have a fire in areas where there is little wood at higher elevations, in heavily used areas, or in desert settings.

Quick movements and loud noises are stressful to animals. Travel quietly and do not pursue, feed or force animals to flee.

Washing and human waste disposal must be done carefully so the environment is not polluted, and animals and aquatic life are not injured. Swimming in lakes or streams is okay in most instances—but in deserts and other very arid areas it is best to leave scarce water holes undisturbed and unpolluted so animals may drink from them.

________ trails are usually considered as open and maintained, receiving regular maintenance.

________ trails are part of the official trail system but have not received maintenance in a long time.

________ trails are sometimes located in places that are less than ideal including fragile habitat.

________ trails were once on the maintained trail system but, for one reason or another, have dropped from the official list of “system trails”.

A loaded backpacking pack should not weigh more than 10% of your body weight. A loaded day hiking pack should not weigh more than about 20% of your body weight.

_________: Quickly grabbing a bunch of food on your way out the door is a sure way to end up with an overloaded pack. Take a few moments to plan out your menu ahead of time by writing down what you will eat for each meal.

_________ is how much your loaded pack weighs, minus “consumables”, such as food, water, and fuel.

_________: Spread the load out among your hiking partners. Just because you own the tent, stove and water filter does not mean you must carry them all.

These items should be on your hiking checklist:

_________: map, compass, altimeter, GPS device, personal locator beacon (PLB) or satellite messenger

_________ is the potential to lose or to gain something of value.

The goal of risk management/safety management is to minimize potential losses using risk mitigation techniques while maximizing potential gains. We can minimize potential for loss through intuitive risk management, lax mitigation, and safety plans.

Quantifying negative risk: Probability = 5, Severity = 10

Quantifying negative risk: Probability = 9, Severity = 9

Quantifying negative risk: Probability = 6, Severity = 4

To mitigate getting lost: Plan your route ahead of time. To mitigate car accidents: ____________.

__________: There are situations where you simply cannot reduce the Risk Level to something acceptable.

More than 1300 years before the first record of the compass in Europe and 2300 years before satellite navigation and GPS, __________ managed to travel from the Mediterranean to the ________.

__________ is the durable waterproof groundsheet placed underneath the tent before pitching.

_________ are used to keep tents securely attached to the ground and are usually metal.

_________ are staked to the ground to ensure that tents withstand windy conditions. They also create tension across the outer fabric of the tent to prevent rainwater pooling in saggy areas.

_________ is a layer of tough waterproof fabric that is placed on top of an inner tent with a gap in between. Its main job is to keep the rain out but it will also be windproof.

Nature-based mindfulness practices have positive effects on mental, physical, and social health. In some circumstances, taking one’s practice into nature may be preferable to interventions conducted in indoor settings.

First aid basic care involves:

Hygiene kit involves:

Taking a shower when backpacking would involve:

Cleaning your nether bits, feet, and armpits when backpacking would involve:

WFA initial assessment, the first thing you assess is:

Before performing any first aid, you must:

For the WFA initial assessment, A stands for:

For the WFA initial assessment, C stands for:

Medications and treatments that you can bring involves:

If the patient does not feel that they need first aid, you should stop.